Knoppix Documentation Wiki - User contributions [en]

Category:Hard drive Installation

2016-12-15T06:44:57Z

WPSchulz: /* Poor man's install */

The main strength of [http://www.knopper.net/knoppix/index-en.html Knoppix] is its ability to be run from memory as a [[LiveCD |Live Linux CD]]. To boot the CD/DVD Isolinux is used. The advantage to this is that you can take the CD/DVD with you. However, it is possible to install Knoppix on other mediums.

== Warning: Knoppix is a Live Linux DVD ==
Whichever installation method you'll select, don't forget: basis of each of these methods is the Live Linux DVD!

Knoppix is not a Linux distribution like for example Debian, openSUSE, Ubuntu or others.

'''Knoppix'''
* cannot be '''upgraded''' (if you try it, you'll get chaos)
* offers no updates or security updates
* has no user management
* has no password protection
* is not designed for installation of not Debian packages (compile programs)
* may cause difficulties while you try to install Debian packages
* requires experience with aptitude whenever you want to change something

<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>

== Customizing Knoppix ==
* The simplest, which you can do in all versions, is using → [[Cheat_Codes|Cheat Codes]]. At the boot prompt, you can specify a number of parameters like language, keyboard, screen resolution, desktop environment. The cheat codes may differ between the releases; you find them on DVD in the file /KNOPPIX/'''knoppix-cheatcodes.txt'''.

* You can → [[#Flash_disk_Install|install Knoppix]] to a read/write media (like USB sticks, external hard disks or flash cards using "KNOPPIX Install KNOPPIX to flash disk". You may change the default boot parameters, so you don't have to enter them at every boot. For this reinsert the USB stick, open '/boot/syslinux/syslinux.cfg' and change the parameters in all '''APPEND''' lines as you need.

* The next step is using → [[#Persistent_memory|persistent memory]], which can be used to install programs and save configuration data and personal settings. During flash disk install Knoppix will ask you if you want to create persistent storage, and how big you want it. The size you specify must be an integer, and the integer signifies the number of megabytes of persistent storage.

* Another and most difficult option is to → [[Knoppix_Remastering_Howto|remaster Knoppix]] which means that you create a new compressed filesystem image instead of the default. You may write it to DVD, but you don't have to.

<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>

== Flash disk install ==
Boot with Knoppix DVD and select "Knoppix => Install KNOPPIX to flash disk". There are two options to choose from:
* Installation on FAT32 with (optional) overlay file < 4GB
* Installation on FAT32 with additional overlay partition
In the first case you will get an installation of compressed filesysten Image and the persistent memory all within '/dev/sda1' (FAT32 formatted).

In the other case you will get an installation of compressed filesystem Image to '/dev/sda1' (FAT32 formatted) and the persistent memory in '/dev/sda2' (ReiserFS formatted).

Both these installations uses Syslinux to boot. At the end of the installation you will be asked to encrypted or not the persistent memory.
<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>

== Poor man's install ==
In earlier days there have been many descriptions how to copy the compressed filesystem Image to hard drive, how to boot these installations and they have been called like '''poor man's install, PMI, poor man's install to HD, basic poor man's install ...'''

Nowadays you can do it as follows: Boot with the Knoppix DVD using the cheatcode
knoppix tohd=/dev/sda1 mkimage

Knoppix will create a folder called "KNOPPIX" in the partition you've chosen and you will be asked to create persistent memory (overlay file only). The used disk partition can be a Linux format such as EXT3 but can also be FAT32 or NTFS (pre Windows 8). If you failed to create overlay file you can make up it at next boot-time: edit the grub line and append for this session the chatcode "mkimage" (booting with a Knoppix DVD or a boot-only Knoppix-CD use the cheatcode "knoppix mkimage" in the initial boot phase).

You'll find yourself at the end of the installation within Knoppix on '/dev/sda1' and not within Knoppix from DVD.

'''Important note:''' "/dev/sda1" is only as an example; use your own value!

To boot this poor man's install you need again a Knoppix DVD or a boot-only Knoppix-CD with the same Kernel version; at boot prompt type:
knoppix fromhd=/dev/sda1

If you want to boot this installation using GRUB legacy or GRUB2, do also as follows:
su
mount /media/sr0
cp /media/sr0/boot/isolinux/linux /media/sr0/boot/isolinux/linux64 \
/media/sr0/boot/isolinux/minirt.gz /mnt-system/KNOPPIX/

If you are using GRUB legacy as bootloader, start your operating system - for example Knoppix HD install - and append within '/boot/grub/menu.lst'
title KNOPPIX 32 PMI
kernel (hd1,0)/KNOPPIX/linux fromhd=/dev/sdb1 lang=en (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd (hd1,0)/KNOPPIX/minirt.gz

title KNOPPIX 64 PMI
kernel (hd1,0)/KNOPPIX/linux64 fromhd=/dev/sdb1 lang=en(.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd (hd1,0)/KNOPPIX/minirt.gz

title KNOPPIX Adriane PMI
kernel (hd1,0)/KNOPPIX/linux fromhd=/dev/sdb1 adriane lang=en (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd (hd1,0)/KNOPPIX/minirt.gz

'''Important note:''' In this example Knoppix has been installed to 2nd device in the 1st partition of it (hd1,0). "(hd0,0)" means 1st device and 1st partition with GRUB legacy.

Otherwise if you are using GRUB2 as bootloader, start your operating system - for example Debian - and append within '/etc/grub.d/40_custom'
menuentry "Knoppix 32 PMI" {
set root='(hd1,1)'
linux /KNOPPIX/linux lang=en (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd /KNOPPIX/minirt.gz
}

menuentry "Knoppix 64 PMI" {
set root='(hd1,1)'
linux /KNOPPIX/linux64 lang=en (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd /KNOPPIX/minirt.gz
}

menuentry "Knoppix Adriane PMI" {
set root='(hd1,1)'
linux /KNOPPIX/linux adriane lang=en (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd /KNOPPIX/minirt.gz
}

Don't forget "update-grub"!

'''Important note:''' In this example Knoppix has been installed to 2nd device in the 1st partition of it (hd1,1). "(hd0,1)" means 1st device and 1st partition with GRUB 2.

Instead of (.. other boot-parameter ..) use the parameters as you need or as you can see in the "APPEND"-lines of '/mnt-system/boot/isolinux/isolinux.cfg' from Knoppix DVD - but '''without''' the parameter "initrd=minirt.gz".

<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>

== Full HD install ==
Boot with Knoppix DVD and select "Knoppix => KNOPPIX HD install" in a free partiton you chose. You will get a Debian-style installation in your partiton (ReiserFS formatted) and the option to use GRUB legacy as bootmanager.

'''Important note:''' Read "Help" of the installation tool first!

Read more about full HD install → [[HD_based_HowTo|HD based HowTo]].

If you decide to do a full HD install of Knoppix, please read → [[Full_HD_install_-_warning|Full HD install - warning]]

<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>

== ISO install to HD ==
Download the Knoppix ISO to a harddrive (in my example to the 1st partition of an external harddrive to the folder '/ISO/') and rename the Knoppix ISO (insert the real name of the used Knoppix ISO instead of "KNOPPIX.....DE.iso")
mv -f /media/sdb1/ISO/KNOPPIX.....DE.iso /media/sdb1/ISO/KNX.iso

To boot this ISO installation to HD you need again a Knoppix DVD or a boot-only Knoppix-CD with the same Kernel version; at boot prompt type:
knoppix bootfrom=/dev/sdb1/ISO/KNX.iso

Otherwise if you are using GRUB2 as bootloader, start your operating system - for example Debian - and append within '/etc/grub.d/40_custom'
menuentry "Knoppix ISO" {
loopback loop (hd1,1)/ISO/KNX.iso
linux (loop)/boot/isolinux/linux bootfrom=/dev/sdb1/ISO/KNX.iso (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd (loop)/boot/isolinux/minirt.gz
}

menuentry "Knoppix 64 ISO" {
loopback loop (hd1,1)/ISO/KNX.iso
linux (loop)/boot/isolinux/linux64 bootfrom=/dev/sdb1/ISO/KNX.iso (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd (loop)/boot/isolinux/minirt.gz
}

Don't forget "update-grub"!

Instead of '''(.. other boot-parameter ..)''' use the parameters as you need or as you can see in the "APPEND"-lines of '/mnt-system/boot/isolinux/isolinux.cfg' from Knoppix DVD - but '''without''' the parameter "initrd=minirt.gz".

'''Important note:''' "/sdb1/ISO/" is only as an example; use your own value! Knoppix has been installed to 2nd device in the 1st partition (hd1,1). "(hd0,1)" means 1sr device and 1st partition with GRUB 2.

With '''ISO install to HD''' you cannot use Grub legacy.

<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>

== Terminal Server install ==
moved to → [[Knoppix_Terminal_Server|Knoppix Terminal Server]]

== Persistent memory ==
This is one of the most useful features in Knoppix, and together with Unionfs, makes Knoppix very versatile indeed. The entire persistent memory (also called "overlay") can be saved, so that configuration changes, settings, user data, packages which have been downloaded and installed etc can all be saved and will be available at subsequent sessions.

With '''Flash disk Install''' and the option '''overlay file''', with '''Poor man's install''' or '''Terminal Server Install''' you'll get an image file '/KNOPPIX/knoppix-data.img' respectively '/KNOPPIX/knoppix-data.aes' in case of encryption. At the next boot, Knoppix will scan for any image file named knoppix-data.img or knoppix-data.aes. If you use "df -h" you can see the values of the persistent memory at the line "/dev/loop ... ".

With '''Flash disk Install''' and the option '''overlay partition''' you'll get persistent memory (encrypted or not) in a separate partition and without the limitation of maximum size of 4 GB. At the next boot, Knoppix will scan for the file '/mnt-system/KNOPPIX/knoppix-data.inf', which contains the line
2 KNOPPIX_DATA reiserfs
If you use "df -h" you can see the values of the persistent memory at the line "/dev/sd. ... KNOPPIX_DATA".

<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>

== UNIONFS ==
One of the limitations of a Live CD/DVD is that it is read-only - in particular, '/usr' where most executable programs are kept. Many programs need to change and access components into standard locations like '/lib', '/usr/lib' or '/etc' which are read-only.

Unionfs is another important development introduced into Knoppix from Version 3.8 onwards. Unionfs is a virtual filesystem. It creates a writable system file area in RAM with all the system directories such as '/etc', '/usr' and so on. This is then seamlessly merged with the read-only systemfile image KNOPPIX on the CD. A description of unionfs can be found here: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnionFS UnionFS].

With Unionfs, it becomes possible to "write" to the system area. Knoppix DVD can then be treated almost like it is installed on a writable media. You can do install programs with apt-get, aptitude or synaptic, edit config files in '/etc' and so on. Of course, you may still download an incompatible package which upsets Knoppix's delicate balance and break Knoppix, just like in a hard disk install. But this is a Live CD/DVD! The problems go away at the next reboot.

But if you have for example a flash disk install with persistent memory, you'll get an union of overlay's writable system file area with the read-only systemfile image KNOPPIX. If you installed something which works well, you will not have to do it again and it is available at the next session.

<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>

== Enable "syslog" etc. ==
Per default '''syslog''' etc. is disabled within Knoppix. To get it back especially in a full HD install follow this instruction:
su
mv /etc/syslog-knoppix.conf /etc/syslog-knoppix.conf_orig
aptitude install anacron
ln -s /usr/sbin/rsyslogd /sbin/syslogd
reboot

<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>
----

Return to '''[[Main Page]] of the Wiki'''.

Category:Hard drive Installation

2016-05-11T09:07:41Z

WPSchulz:

The main strength of [http://www.knopper.net/knoppix/index-en.html Knoppix] is its ability to be run from memory as a [[LiveCD |Live Linux CD]]. To boot the CD/DVD Isolinux is used. The advantage to this is that you can take the CD/DVD with you. However, it is possible to install Knoppix on other mediums.

== Warning: Knoppix is a Live Linux DVD ==
Whichever installation method you'll select, don't forget: basis of each of these methods is the Live Linux DVD!

Knoppix is not a Linux distribution like for example Debian, openSUSE, Ubuntu or others.

'''Knoppix'''
* cannot be '''upgraded''' (if you try it, you'll get chaos)
* offers no updates or security updates
* has no user management
* has no password protection
* is not designed for installation of not Debian packages (compile programs)
* may cause difficulties while you try to install Debian packages
* requires experience with aptitude whenever you want to change something

<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>

== Customizing Knoppix ==
* The simplest, which you can do in all versions, is using → [[Cheat_Codes|Cheat Codes]]. At the boot prompt, you can specify a number of parameters like language, keyboard, screen resolution, desktop environment. The cheat codes may differ between the releases; you find them on DVD in the file /KNOPPIX/'''knoppix-cheatcodes.txt'''.

* You can → [[#Flash_disk_Install|install Knoppix]] to a read/write media (like USB sticks, external hard disks or flash cards using "KNOPPIX Install KNOPPIX to flash disk". You may change the default boot parameters, so you don't have to enter them at every boot. For this reinsert the USB stick, open '/boot/syslinux/syslinux.cfg' and change the parameters in all '''APPEND''' lines as you need.

* The next step is using → [[#Persistent_memory|persistent memory]], which can be used to install programs and save configuration data and personal settings. During flash disk install Knoppix will ask you if you want to create persistent storage, and how big you want it. The size you specify must be an integer, and the integer signifies the number of megabytes of persistent storage.

* Another and most difficult option is to → [[Knoppix_Remastering_Howto|remaster Knoppix]] which means that you create a new compressed filesystem image instead of the default. You may write it to DVD, but you don't have to.

<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>

== Flash disk install ==
Boot with Knoppix DVD and select "Knoppix => Install KNOPPIX to flash disk". There are two options to choose from:
* Installation on FAT32 with (optional) overlay file < 4GB
* Installation on FAT32 with additional overlay partition
In the first case you will get an installation of compressed filesysten Image and the persistent memory all within '/dev/sda1' (FAT32 formatted).

In the other case you will get an installation of compressed filesystem Image to '/dev/sda1' (FAT32 formatted) and the persistent memory in '/dev/sda2' (ReiserFS formatted).

Both these installations uses Syslinux to boot. At the end of the installation you will be asked to encrypted or not the persistent memory.
<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>

== Poor man's install ==
In earlier days there have been many descriptions how to copy the compressed filesystem Image to hard drive, how to boot these installations and they have been called like '''poor man's install, PMI, poor man's install to HD, basic poor man's install ...'''

Nowadays you can do it as follows: Boot with the Knoppix DVD using the cheatcode
knoppix tohd=/dev/sda1 mkimage

Knoppix will create a folder called "KNOPPIX" in the partition you've chosen and you will be asked to create persistent memory (overlay file only). The used disk partition can be a Linux format such as EXT3 but can also be FAT32 or NTFS (pre Windows 8). If you failed to create overlay file you can make up it at next boot-time: edit the grub line and append for this session the chatcode "mkimage".

You'll find yourself at the end of the installation within Knoppix on '/dev/sda1' and not within Knoppix from DVD.

'''Important note:''' "/dev/sda1" is only as an example; use your own value!

If you want to boot this installation using GRUB legacy or GRUB2, do also as follows:
su
mount /media/sr0
cp /media/sr0/boot/isolinux/linux /media/sr0/boot/isolinux/linux64 \
/media/sr0/boot/isolinux/minirt.gz /mnt-system/KNOPPIX/

To boot this poor man's install you need again a Knoppix DVD or a boot-only Knoppix-CD with the same Kernel version; at boot prompt type:
knoppix fromhd=/dev/sda1

Otherwise if you are using GRUB legacy as bootloader, start your operating system - for example Knoppix HD install - and append within '/boot/grub/menu.lst'
title KNOPPIX 32 PMI
kernel (hd1,0)/KNOPPIX/linux fromhd=/dev/sdb1 lang=en (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd (hd1,0)/KNOPPIX/minirt.gz

title KNOPPIX 64 PMI
kernel (hd1,0)/KNOPPIX/linux64 fromhd=/dev/sdb1 lang=en(.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd (hd1,0)/KNOPPIX/minirt.gz

title KNOPPIX Adriane PMI
kernel (hd1,0)/KNOPPIX/linux fromhd=/dev/sdb1 adriane lang=en (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd (hd1,0)/KNOPPIX/minirt.gz

'''Important note:''' In this example Knoppix has been installed to 2nd device in the 1st partition of it (hd1,0). "(hd0,0)" means 1st device and 1st partition with GRUB legacy.

If you are using GRUB2 as bootloader, start your operating system - for example Debian - and append within '/etc/grub.d/40_custom'
menuentry "Knoppix 32 PMI" {
set root='(hd1,1)'
linux /KNOPPIX/linux lang=en (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd /KNOPPIX/minirt.gz
}

menuentry "Knoppix 64 PMI" {
set root='(hd1,1)'
linux /KNOPPIX/linux64 lang=en (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd /KNOPPIX/minirt.gz
}

menuentry "Knoppix Adriane PMI" {
set root='(hd1,1)'
linux /KNOPPIX/linux adriane lang=en (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd /KNOPPIX/minirt.gz
}

Don't forget "update-grub"!

'''Important note:''' In this example Knoppix has been installed to 2nd device in the 1st partition of it (hd1,1). "(hd0,1)" means 1st device and 1st partition with GRUB 2.

Instead of (.. other boot-parameter ..) use the parameters as you need or as you can see in the "APPEND"-lines of '/mnt-system/boot/isolinux/isolinux.cfg' from Knoppix DVD - but '''without''' the parameter "initrd=minirt.gz".

<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>

== Full HD install ==
Boot with Knoppix DVD and select "Knoppix => KNOPPIX HD install" in a free partiton you chose. You will get a Debian-style installation in your partiton (ReiserFS formatted) and the option to use GRUB legacy as bootmanager.

'''Important note:''' Read "Help" of the installation tool first!

Read more about full HD install → [[HD_based_HowTo|HD based HowTo]].

If you decide to do a full HD install of Knoppix, please read → [[Full_HD_install_-_warning|Full HD install - warning]]

<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>

== ISO install to HD ==
Download the Knoppix ISO to a harddrive (in my example to the 1st partition of an external harddrive to the folder '/ISO/') and rename the Knoppix ISO (insert the real name of the used Knoppix ISO instead of "KNOPPIX.....DE.iso")
mv -f /media/sdb1/ISO/KNOPPIX.....DE.iso /media/sdb1/ISO/KNX.iso

To boot this ISO installation to HD you need again a Knoppix DVD or a boot-only Knoppix-CD with the same Kernel version; at boot prompt type:
knoppix bootfrom=/dev/sdb1/ISO/KNX.iso

Otherwise if you are using GRUB2 as bootloader, start your operating system - for example Debian - and append within '/etc/grub.d/40_custom'
menuentry "Knoppix ISO" {
loopback loop (hd1,1)/ISO/KNX.iso
linux (loop)/boot/isolinux/linux bootfrom=/dev/sdb1/ISO/KNX.iso (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd (loop)/boot/isolinux/minirt.gz
}

menuentry "Knoppix 64 ISO" {
loopback loop (hd1,1)/ISO/KNX.iso
linux (loop)/boot/isolinux/linux64 bootfrom=/dev/sdb1/ISO/KNX.iso (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd (loop)/boot/isolinux/minirt.gz
}

Don't forget "update-grub"!

Instead of '''(.. other boot-parameter ..)''' use the parameters as you need or as you can see in the "APPEND"-lines of '/mnt-system/boot/isolinux/isolinux.cfg' from Knoppix DVD - but '''without''' the parameter "initrd=minirt.gz".

'''Important note:''' "/sdb1/ISO/" is only as an example; use your own value! Knoppix has been installed to 2nd device in the 1st partition (hd1,1). "(hd0,1)" means 1sr device and 1st partition with GRUB 2.

With '''ISO install to HD''' you cannot use Grub legacy.

<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>

== Terminal Server install ==
moved to → [[Knoppix_Terminal_Server|Knoppix Terminal Server]]

== Persistent memory ==
This is one of the most useful features in Knoppix, and together with Unionfs, makes Knoppix very versatile indeed. The entire persistent memory (also called "overlay") can be saved, so that configuration changes, settings, user data, packages which have been downloaded and installed etc can all be saved and will be available at subsequent sessions.

With '''Flash disk Install''' and the option '''overlay file''', with '''Poor man's install''' or '''Terminal Server Install''' you'll get an image file '/KNOPPIX/knoppix-data.img' respectively '/KNOPPIX/knoppix-data.aes' in case of encryption. At the next boot, Knoppix will scan for any image file named knoppix-data.img or knoppix-data.aes. If you use "df -h" you can see the values of the persistent memory at the line "/dev/loop ... ".

With '''Flash disk Install''' and the option '''overlay partition''' you'll get persistent memory (encrypted or not) in a separate partition and without the limitation of maximum size of 4 GB. At the next boot, Knoppix will scan for the file '/mnt-system/KNOPPIX/knoppix-data.inf', which contains the line
2 KNOPPIX_DATA reiserfs
If you use "df -h" you can see the values of the persistent memory at the line "/dev/sd. ... KNOPPIX_DATA".

<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>

== UNIONFS ==
One of the limitations of a Live CD/DVD is that it is read-only - in particular, '/usr' where most executable programs are kept. Many programs need to change and access components into standard locations like '/lib', '/usr/lib' or '/etc' which are read-only.

Unionfs is another important development introduced into Knoppix from Version 3.8 onwards. Unionfs is a virtual filesystem. It creates a writable system file area in RAM with all the system directories such as '/etc', '/usr' and so on. This is then seamlessly merged with the read-only systemfile image KNOPPIX on the CD. A description of unionfs can be found here: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnionFS UnionFS].

With Unionfs, it becomes possible to "write" to the system area. Knoppix DVD can then be treated almost like it is installed on a writable media. You can do install programs with apt-get, aptitude or synaptic, edit config files in '/etc' and so on. Of course, you may still download an incompatible package which upsets Knoppix's delicate balance and break Knoppix, just like in a hard disk install. But this is a Live CD/DVD! The problems go away at the next reboot.

But if you have for example a flash disk install with persistent memory, you'll get an union of overlay's writable system file area with the read-only systemfile image KNOPPIX. If you installed something which works well, you will not have to do it again and it is available at the next session.

<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>

== Enable "syslog" etc. ==
Per default '''syslog''' etc. is disabled within Knoppix. To get it back especially in a full HD install follow this instruction:
su
mv /etc/syslog-knoppix.conf /etc/syslog-knoppix.conf_orig
aptitude install anacron
ln -s /usr/sbin/rsyslogd /sbin/syslogd
reboot

<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>
----

Return to '''[[Main Page]] of the Wiki'''.

Language, Locale & Keyboard settings FAQ

2016-05-10T15:21:12Z

WPSchulz: Redirected page to Locale settings

#redirect [[Locale_settings]]

Locale settings

2016-05-10T15:19:21Z

WPSchulz: Created page with "==== Start Knoppix in other languages ==== At the boot prompt, enter a suitable cheatcode. The lang cheatcode changes the locale, which includes the language, keyboard, xkeybo..."

==== Start Knoppix in other languages ====
At the boot prompt, enter a suitable cheatcode. The lang cheatcode changes the locale, which includes the language, keyboard, xkeyboard, timezone and other local settings. For example, if you type lang=fr, Knoppix will boot in French language, with the French keyboard layout and set the French timezone, among other things. You may recognise the cheatcode as the top-level domain country code on the internet.

==== The complete list of lang cheatcodes ====
At the boot prompt, press F3 to view a list of lang cheatcodes:
knoppix lang=us|cs|da|de|es|fr|it|nl|pl|ru|sk|...
There is also a list on the DVD at /KNOPPIX/knoppix-cheatcodes.txt. Note that the above lists are not complete. By looking within '/etc/init.d/knoppix-autoconfig' at position "localize()" you can see which additional lang cheatcodes Knoppix will actually accept

==== My cheatcode was accepted, but menus are still in English. ====

Knoppix includes locale files for many places, but only a small number of language packs (which provide the text for the kde menus). For example, if you enter the cheatcode lang=cn, Knoppix will start with all the locale settings for China but menus will still be in English.

==== I get a funny symbol instead of "=" ====

Most likely you are using a different keyboard from what Knoppix is expecting. At boot time the German Knoppix version expects a German keyboard, the English version expects a US keyboard. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_layout '''keyboard layouts'''] for information on different keyboard layouts. Note where the characters you want are on your keyboard and then press the matching key.

==== Select a keyboard layout at boot time ====
If you use the lang cheatcode, the keyboard will be changed to match the country or locale you selected. If you want a different keyboard setting use the keyboard and xkeyboard cheatcode, for example:

knoppix lang=us keyboard=de xkeyboard=de

==== Add additional languages which are not on DVD ====

First ensure that the locale you want has been generated. Do:
dpkg-reconfigure locales
Scroll down the list and ensure the locale you want has been checked.

For example: pt_PT.UTF-8 UTF8 Select OK. Knoppix may take a while to generate all the selected locales.

Next, you need to download KDE the internationalization file for the language you want from a Debian repository. These files are named kde-i10n-*, for example kde-i10n-pt is Portugese. You can do this by launching Synaptic Package Manager. Reload the repository information, then search for "kde-i10n" to view a list of available kde-i10n files. Mark the wanted file for installation and click "Apply".

====Do I have to set locale every session?====

If you have a → [[:Category:Hard_drive_Installation#Flash_disk_install|flash disk install]] or a → [[:Category:Hard_drive_Installation#Poor_man.27s_install|poor man's install]] with persistent memory, you can use → [[Cheat_Codes#Micro-Remastering|Micro-Remastering]]. In case of → [[:Category:Hard_drive_Installation#Full_HD_install|full HD install]] append your cheatcodes within '/boot/grub/menu.lst' at the end of the line "kernel ....".

[[Category : FAQ Page]]

Category:Hard drive Installation

2016-05-10T14:57:14Z

WPSchulz: /* HD install */

The main strength of [http://www.knopper.net/knoppix/index-en.html Knoppix] is its ability to be run from memory as a [[LiveCD |Live Linux CD]]. To boot the CD/DVD Isolinux is used. The advantage to this is that you can take the CD/DVD with you. However, it is possible to install Knoppix on other mediums.

== Warning: Knoppix is a Live Linux DVD ==
Whichever installation method you'll select, don't forget: basis of each of these methods is the Live Linux DVD!

Knoppix is not a Linux distribution like for example Debian, openSUSE, Ubuntu or others.

'''Knoppix'''
* cannot be '''upgraded''' (if you try it, you'll get chaos)
* offers no updates or security updates
* has no user management
* has no password protection
* is not designed for installation of not Debian packages (compile programs)
* may cause difficulties while you try to install Debian packages
* requires experience with aptitude whenever you want to change something

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== Customizing Knoppix ==
* The simplest, which you can do in all versions, is using → [[Cheat_Codes|Cheat Codes]]. At the boot prompt, you can specify a number of parameters like language, keyboard, screen resolution, desktop environment. The cheat codes may differ between the releases; you find them on DVD in the file /KNOPPIX/'''knoppix-cheatcodes.txt'''.

* You can → [[#Flash_disk_Install|install Knoppix]] to a read/write media (like USB sticks, external hard disks or flash cards using "KNOPPIX Install KNOPPIX to flash disk". You may change the default boot parameters, so you don't have to enter them at every boot. For this reinsert the USB stick, open '/boot/syslinux/syslinux.cfg' and change the parameters in all '''APPEND''' lines as you need.

* The next step is using → [[#Persistent_memory|persistent memory]], which can be used to install programs and save configuration data and personal settings. During flash disk install Knoppix will ask you if you want to create persistent storage, and how big you want it. The size you specify must be an integer, and the integer signifies the number of megabytes of persistent storage.

* Another and most difficult option is to → [[Knoppix_Remastering_Howto|remaster Knoppix]] which means that you create a new compressed filesystem image instead of the default. You may write it to DVD, but you don't have to.

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== Flash disk install ==
Boot with Knoppix DVD and select "Knoppix => Install KNOPPIX to flash disk". There are two options to choose from:
* Installation on FAT32 with (optional) overlay file < 4GB
* Installation on FAT32 with additional overlay partition
In the first case you will get an installation of compressed filesysten Image and the persistent memory all within '/dev/sda1' (FAT32 formatted).

In the other case you will get an installation of compressed filesystem Image to '/dev/sda1' (FAT32 formatted) and the persistent memory in '/dev/sda2' (ReiserFS formatted).

Both these installations uses Syslinux to boot. At the end of the installation you will be asked to encrypted or not the persistent memory.
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== Poor man's install ==
In earlier days there have been many descriptions how to copy the compressed filesystem Image to hard drive, how to boot these installations and they have been called like '''poor man's install, PMI, poor man's install to HD, basic poor man's install ...'''

Nowadays you can do it as follows: Boot with the Knoppix DVD using the cheatcode
knoppix tohd=/dev/sda1 mkimage

Knoppix will create a folder called "KNOPPIX" in the partition you've chosen and you will be asked to create persistent memory (overlay file only). The used disk partition can be a Linux format such as EXT3 but can also be FAT32 or NTFS (pre Windows 8). If you failed to create overlay file you can make up it at next boot-time: edit the grub line and append for this session the chatcode "mkimage".

You'll find yourself at the end of the installation within Knoppix on '/dev/sda1' and not within Knoppix from DVD.

'''Important note:''' "/dev/sda1" is only as an example; use your own value!

If you want to boot this installation using GRUB legacy or GRUB2, do also as follows:
su
mount /media/sr0
cp /media/sr0/boot/isolinux/linux /media/sr0/boot/isolinux/linux64 \
/media/sr0/boot/isolinux/minirt.gz /mnt-system/KNOPPIX/

To boot this poor man's install you need again a Knoppix DVD or a boot-only Knoppix-CD with the same Kernel version; at boot prompt type:
knoppix fromhd=/dev/sda1

Otherwise if you are using GRUB legacy as bootloader, start your operating system - for example Knoppix HD install - and append within '/boot/grub/menu.lst'
title KNOPPIX 32 PMI
kernel (hd1,0)/KNOPPIX/linux fromhd=/dev/sdb1 lang=en (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd (hd1,0)/KNOPPIX/minirt.gz

title KNOPPIX 64 PMI
kernel (hd1,0)/KNOPPIX/linux64 fromhd=/dev/sdb1 lang=en(.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd (hd1,0)/KNOPPIX/minirt.gz

title KNOPPIX Adriane PMI
kernel (hd1,0)/KNOPPIX/linux fromhd=/dev/sdb1 adriane lang=en (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd (hd1,0)/KNOPPIX/minirt.gz

'''Important note:''' In this example Knoppix has been installed to 2nd device in the 1st partition of it (hd1,0). "(hd0,0)" means 1st device and 1st partition with GRUB legacy.

If you are using GRUB2 as bootloader, start your operating system - for example Debian - and append within '/etc/grub.d/40_custom'
menuentry "Knoppix 32 PMI" {
set root='(hd1,1)'
linux /KNOPPIX/linux lang=en (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd /KNOPPIX/minirt.gz
}

menuentry "Knoppix 64 PMI" {
set root='(hd1,1)'
linux /KNOPPIX/linux64 lang=en (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd /KNOPPIX/minirt.gz
}

menuentry "Knoppix Adriane PMI" {
set root='(hd1,1)'
linux /KNOPPIX/linux adriane lang=en (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd /KNOPPIX/minirt.gz
}

Don't forget "update-grub"!

'''Important note:''' In this example Knoppix has been installed to 2nd device in the 1st partition of it (hd1,1). "(hd0,1)" means 1st device and 1st partition with GRUB 2.

Instead of (.. other boot-parameter ..) use the parameters as you need or as you can see in the "APPEND"-lines of '/mnt-system/boot/isolinux/isolinux.cfg' from Knoppix DVD - but '''without''' the parameter "initrd=minirt.gz".

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== Full HD install ==
Boot with Knoppix DVD and select "Knoppix => KNOPPIX HD install" in a free partiton you chose. You will get a Debian-style installation in your partiton (ReiserFS formatted) and the option to use GRUB legacy as bootmanager.

'''Important note:''' Read "Help" of the installation tool first!

Read more about full HD install → [[HD_based_HowTo|HD based HowTo]].

If you decide to do a full HD install of Knoppix, please read → [[Full_HD_install_-_warning|Full HD install - warning]]

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== ISO install to HD ==
Download the Knoppix ISO to a harddrive (in my example to the 1st partition of an external harddrive to the folder '/ISO/') and rename the Knoppix ISO (insert the real name of the used Knoppix ISO instead of "KNOPPIX.....DE.iso")
mv -f /media/sdb1/ISO/KNOPPIX.....DE.iso /media/sdb1/ISO/KNX.iso

To boot this ISO installation to HD you need again a Knoppix DVD or a boot-only Knoppix-CD with the same Kernel version; at boot prompt type:
knoppix bootfrom=/dev/sdb1/ISO/KNX.iso

Otherwise if you are using GRUB2 as bootloader, start your operating system - for example Debian - and append within '/etc/grub.d/40_custom'
menuentry "Knoppix ISO" {
loopback loop (hd1,1)/ISO/KNX.iso
linux (loop)/boot/isolinux/linux bootfrom=/dev/sdb1/ISO/KNX.iso (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd (loop)/boot/isolinux/minirt.gz
}

menuentry "Knoppix 64 ISO" {
loopback loop (hd1,1)/ISO/KNX.iso
linux (loop)/boot/isolinux/linux64 bootfrom=/dev/sdb1/ISO/KNX.iso (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd (loop)/boot/isolinux/minirt.gz
}

Don't forget "update-grub"!

Instead of '''(.. other boot-parameter ..)''' use the parameters as you need or as you can see in the "APPEND"-lines of '/mnt-system/boot/isolinux/isolinux.cfg' from Knoppix DVD - but '''without''' the parameter "initrd=minirt.gz".

'''Important note:''' "/sdb1/ISO/" is only as an example; use your own value! Knoppix has been installed to 2nd device in the 1st partition (hd1,1). "(hd0,1)" means 1sr device and 1st partition with GRUB 2.

With '''ISO install to HD''' you cannot use Grub legacy.

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== Terminal Server install ==
moved to → [[Knoppix_Terminal_Server|Knoppix Terminal Server]]

== Persistent memory ==
This is one of the most useful features in Knoppix, and together with Unionfs, makes Knoppix very versatile indeed. The entire persistent memory (also called "overlay") can be saved, so that configuration changes, settings, user data, packages which have been downloaded and installed etc can all be saved and will be available at subsequent sessions.

With '''Flash disk Install''' and the option '''overlay file''', with '''Poor man's install''' or '''Terminal Server Install''' you'll get an image file '/KNOPPIX/knoppix-data.img' respectively '/KNOPPIX/knoppix-data.aes' in case of encryption. At the next boot, Knoppix will scan for any image file named knoppix-data.img or knoppix-data.aes. If you use "df -h" you can see the values of the persistent memory at the line "/dev/loop ... ".

With '''Flash disk Install''' and the option '''overlay partition''' you'll get persistent memory (encrypted or not) in a separate partition and without the limitation of maximum size of 4 GB. At the next boot, Knoppix will scan for the file '/mnt-system/KNOPPIX/knoppix-data.inf', which contains the line
2 KNOPPIX_DATA reiserfs
If you use "df -h" you can see the values of the persistent memory at the line "/dev/sd. ... KNOPPIX_DATA".

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== UNIONFS ==
One of the limitations of a Live CD/DVD is that it is read-only - in particular, '/usr' where most executable programs are kept. Many programs need to change and access components into standard locations like '/lib', '/usr/lib' or '/etc' which are read-only.

Unionfs is another important development introduced into Knoppix from Version 3.8 onwards. Unionfs is a virtual filesystem. It creates a writable system file area in RAM with all the system directories such as '/etc', '/usr' and so on. This is then seamlessly merged with the read-only systemfile image KNOPPIX on the CD. A description of unionfs can be found here: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnionFS UnionFS].

With Unionfs, it becomes possible to "write" to the system area. Knoppix DVD can then be treated almost like it is installed on a writable media. You can do install programs with apt-get, aptitude or synaptic, edit config files in '/etc' and so on. Of course, you may still download an incompatible package which upsets Knoppix's delicate balance and break Knoppix, just like in a hard disk install. But this is a Live CD/DVD! The problems go away at the next reboot.

But if you have for example a flash disk install with persistent memory, you'll get an union of overlay's writable system file area with the read-only systemfile image KNOPPIX. If you installed something which works well, you will not have to do it again and it is available at the next session.

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----

Return to '''[[Main Page]] of the Wiki'''.

HD Installation Warnung

2016-05-08T17:58:04Z

WPSchulz: Redirected page to Full HD install - Warnung

#redirect [[Full_HD_install_-_Warnung]]

Full HD install - Warnung

2016-05-08T17:57:19Z

WPSchulz: Created page with "== Knoppix ist .. == KNOPPIX ist eine komplett von DVD lauffähige Zusammenstellung von GNU/Linux-Software mit automatischer Hardwareerkennung und Unterstützung für viele G..."

== Knoppix ist .. ==

KNOPPIX ist eine komplett von DVD lauffähige Zusammenstellung von GNU/Linux-Software mit automatischer Hardwareerkennung und Unterstützung für viele Grafikkarten, Soundkarten, SCSI- und USB-Geräte und sonstige Peripherie. KNOPPIX kann als produktives Linux-System für den Desktop, Schulungs-DVD, Rescue-System oder als Plattform für kommerzielle Software-Produktdemos angepasst und eingesetzt werden. (nach: http://www.knopper.net/knoppix/index.html)

== Knoppix ist nicht Debian ==

Knoppix basiert auf der Linux Distribution von Debian, aber es ist nicht Debian. Knoppix ist eine Live DVD und es ist beabsichtigt, daß alles von DVD aus funktioniert oder von einer Flash-Disk nach "Knoppix auf Flash-Disk installieren".

Natürlich läuft auch Debian von einer DVD aus, wenn wir mit einer Debian Installations-DVD booten, aber bei Debian ist es nur beabsichtigt, Debian zu installieren. Knoppix dagegen versucht, uns mit einer reichhaltigen und überall anwendbaren Arbeitsumgebung eine Einführung in Linux zu geben, ohne daß wir etwas auf unsere Festplatte installieren müssen. Aber es ist nicht beabsichtigt, etwas auf die Festplatte zu kopieren und zum Laufen zu bringen.

Knoppix hatte bereits eine leistungsfähige Hardware-Erkennung zu einer Zeit, als Debian während der Installation noch jede Menge technische Fragen stellte - Fragen, die für einige User schwer zu beantworten waren. Und sogar erfahrene Benutzer haben vermutlich die Installation unterbrechen müssen, um sich mit Hilfe von Programmen von Windows einen Überblick über ihre vorhandene Hardware zu verschaffen. Einige Leute waren davon so beeindruckt, daß sie begannen Scripte zu schreiben, wie man Knoppix auf eine Festplatte "installiert". Mittlerweile kann man dafür das Script "0wn" verwenden.

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== Das Problem der verschiedenen Versionen ==

Das Problem ist, daß es verschiedene Versionen von Debian gibt, welche eine Zeitlang stable, testing und unstable Version genannt werden. Andrerseits sind die verschiedenen Versionen unter ihrem internen Codenamen bekannt. Auch wenn die Aussicht besteht, daß die jetzige testing Version demnächst die neue stable Version wird, so bleiben doch Versionen, die als Wheezy oder Jessie bekannt sind, immer noch Wheezy oder Jessie, egal, ob sie jetzt stable genannt werden oder nicht. Wo ist nun das Problem? Wenn du Programme aussuchst oder Sicherheits-Updates oder sonstige Updates installierst, so erwartet das Design von Debian, daß du innerhalb der gleichen Version bleibst. Bei Paketen, die unter Wheezy arbeiten, wird erwartet, daß sie auch nur unter Wheezy verwendet werden. Für sie wurde nicht getestet, ob sie unter anderen Releases arbeiten; und es kann sein, daß sie nicht arbeiten oder Abhängigkeiten verletzen, wenn sie installiert oder upgedated werden. Das gilt ebenfalls für die anderen Versionen von Debian.

Hoffnungsvoll denkt jetzt mancher: "Na und, auf welcher Debian Version basiert Knoppix?". Nun, Klaus Knopper traf eine sehr wichtige Entscheidung, als er Knoppix erstellte. Im Bewußtsein, daß alles von DVD aus laufen sollte, entschloß er sich, sorgfältig einen Mix aus verschiedenen Versionen zu erstellen, alles zu testen und Versions-Probleme von Hand zu fixen. Für ihn war dies eine gute Wahl. Die "stable" Version von Debian ist gewöhnlich etwas veraltet. Die testing Version ist gewöhnlich ganz schön stabil, auch wenn es noch einige kleine Fehler geben mag, die noch ausgemerzt werden müssen. Oder es gibt Sachen, die für Debian noch nicht hinreichend genug getestet worden sind, um sie als "stable" einzustufen, wenn eine Linux Distribution für sehr weitreichende Aufgaben in einem kritischen Umfeld eingesetzt werden soll.

Da mag es Software geben, die so neu ist, daß sie nur in "unstable" Version eingesetzt wird, auch wenn die Software ausreichend als stabil und fehlerfrei bekannt ist (soweit dies je eine Software ist). Diese Entscheidung, Versionen zu mischen und extensiv auf Versionsprobleme zu testen, erlaubt es Klaus Knopper, eine großartige Live DVD anzubieten. Sie kann wenn nötig einige der neuesten Packete enthalten. Sie kann stabil laufende Packete aus einer verläßlichen Version enthalten, wenn neuere Versionen bekannte Probleme aufweisen oder sie zu groß wurden, um noch auf eine DVD zu passen, oder wenn es andere gute Gründe gab, die alte Version beizubehalten.

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== Warum kein Upgrade von Knoppix? ==

Diese Mischung von verschiedenen Versionen arbeitet hervorragend bei einer Live DVD, wo alles darauf hin getestet wurde, daß es gut zusammen arbeitet. Das funktioniert nicht so gut, wenn man die sorgfältig getestete und ausgewogene Zusammenstellung an Software nimmt (manchmal mit einem Kunstgriff passend gemacht) und auf eine Festplatte installiert, besonders, wenn noch alles mögliche sonst installiert oder versucht wird, die Pakete zu updaten oder upgraden. Das führt dazu, daß der Paketmanager Dinge vollzieht, die so nicht beabsichtigt waren, als Teile aus verschiedenen Versionen verwendet wurden.

Das gleiche trifft für "KNOPPIX auf Flash-Disk installieren" zu. Falls man jemals versucht, die ganze Installation upzugraden, wird man Schwierigkeiten wegen verletzter Abhängigkeiten bekommen und am Ende ist das System unbrauchbar. Falls notwendig kann man versuchen, einzelne Pakete Schritt für Schritt upzugraden mit Hilfe von aptitude und seinen Optionen ("man aptitude" zeigt, welche Optionen möglich sind).

Auf sehr erfahrene Linux User mag der Rat nicht zutreffen, Knoppix nicht zu installieren oder upzugraden. Diese Leute haben eventuell Erfahrung genug, solch Probleme zu lösen. Ihnen gefällt die Möglichkeit, eine Live DVD zu verwenden und sie auf die Festplatte zu installieren. Aber für den Durchschnitts-User ist es nicht ratsam, Knoppix auf eine Festplatte zu installiern.

Jetzt die gute Nachricht: Debian und viele andere für eine Installation geeignete Distributionen haben ihre Installationsprogramme sehr verbessert, seit Knoppix das erste Mal angeboten wurde. Leider neigen viele Leute dazu, nur Knoppix im Blick zu behalten, da es die erste Linux-Version war, die sie je auf ihrem System zum Laufen brachten. Sie wollen sich dann nichts andres mehr ansehen, wenn sie sich entschlossen haben, ein Linux fest zu installieren, und sie mißachten alle Warnungen, besonders, wenn sie hören, daß es da "KNOPPIX HD-Installation" gebe.

Manchmal wird gesagt, Knoppix würde im wesentlichen zu Debian, wenn es erstmal auf Festplatte installiert sei. Dies ist eine etwas unglückliche Feststellung und, wie ich glaube, oft aus dem Kontext heraus gelöst. Für Leute, die sich für eine Festinstallation von Knoppix entschieden haben, und es fertig brachten, daß alles funktioniert, für die ist Knoppix in der Tat eine Art Debian, da es auf Debian basiert. Man kann sich dann an die Hilfsquellen von Debian wenden für Antwort auf Fragen (obwohl die Debian Foren von den Knoppix Problemen wissen und gewöhnlich bei Festinstallation von Knoppix Hilfe verweigern). Aber man würde Usern einen schlechten Dienst erweisen, wenn man man den Eindruck hervorrufen würde, sie hätten mit Skript "KNOPPIX HD-Installation" das Gleiche erreicht, wie wenn sie Debian installiert hätten.

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[[Category : FAQ Page]]
[[Category: Hard_drive_Installation]]

HD Install Warning not to do it

2016-05-08T17:54:31Z

WPSchulz: Redirected page to Full HD install - warning

#redirect [[Full_HD_install_-_warning]]

Full HD install - warning

2016-05-08T17:53:50Z

WPSchulz: Created page with "German translation → Full HD install - Warnung ---- == Knoppix is .. == KNOPPIX is a bootable Live system on DVD, consisting of a representat..."

German translation → [[Full_HD_install_-_Warnung|Full HD install - Warnung]]

----

== Knoppix is .. ==
KNOPPIX is a bootable Live system on DVD, consisting of a representative collection of GNU/Linux software, automatic hardware detection, and support for many graphics cards, sound cards, SCSI and USB devices and other peripherals. KNOPPIX can be used as a productive Linux system for the desktop, educational DVD, rescue system, or adapted and used as a platform for commercial software product demos. (under: http://www.knopper.net/knoppix/index-en.html)

== Knoppix is not Debian ==

Knoppix is based on the Debian "distro" of Linux, but it isn't Debian. Knoppix is a live DVD and is intended to run right from the DVD or from a flash drive after "Install KNOPPIX to flash disk".

Clearly Debian runs from the Debian Live DVD too, since the Debian installer runs under Debian when the DVD boots, but when running from the Live DVD, Debian is intended to install, where Knoppix tries to give you a rich and portable environment and an introduction to Linux before ever having to make any change to your hard disk. But it isn't intended that you just copy things to the hard disk and run that way.

Knoppix added some very cool hardware detection at a time when Debian was asking a lot of technical questions during the install; questions that some users found hard to answer, and even experienced users may have to stop the install to check their hardware or their Windows software to get the answer to. In the past some people were so impressed with this that they wrote a lot of scripts to "install" Knoppix to hard disk. In the meantime you can use the script "0wn".

== The different versions problem ==

The problem is that there are several different versions of Debian. These are sometimes called the stable, testing and unstable versions. At other times they are known by their internal code names for the different versions. Hopefully someday the testing version will become the new stable version, but the versions known as Wheezy or Jessie will always be Wheezy and Jessie, no matter if they are called stable or not. So why is this a problem? Because when you add programs or install security updates or other updates, the design of the Debian system expects that you will stay within the same version. Packages (programs) that work under Wheezy are expected to stay under Wheezy. They are not tested to work under other releases and indeed may not work or may even break something else when installed or updated. The same is true for the other versions of Debian as well.

Hopefully by now you are thinking "So what and, by the way, which version of Debian is Knoppix based on?" Well, Klaus Knopper made a very important choice when he built Knoppix. Knowing that it was going to be run from a DVD he decided that he could mix and match between the different Debian versions, as long as he did this carefully and tested everything and manually fixed version problems. For him that was a good choice. The "stable" version of Debian is usually somewhat dated. The "testing" version is usually actually pretty stable, although there may be some minor issues to be worked out or just things that haven't been tested enough for Debian to classify as stable when a distro of Linux is going to be used in a large expensive mission critical application.

There may be some software that is so new that it is only in the "unstable" version, even though that software itself is pretty well known to be stable and bug free (as much as any software ever is). So choosing to mix between the versions and test extensively for version issues allows Klaus Knopper to release a great live DVD. It can contain some of the newest packages when needed. It can contain stable packages from a trusted version when newer versions have known problems, or have become too bloated to fit on the DVD, or when there is any other good reason to stay with an older version.

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== Why not upgrade Knoppix? ==
This mixing of different versions works out great for a Live DVD where everything has been tested to work together well. It does not work out so well when you take that combination of carefully tested and balanced (and maybe hacked to fit) software and install it to hard disk, particularly if you ever install anything else or try to update or upgrade any of the current packages. That makes the package manager do things that it is not intended to do with parts taken from the different versions.

It's the same with "KNOPPIX flash disk install". If you ever try to upgrade the whole installation, you'll run in trouble because of violated dependicies and in the end your system is broken. If ever needed you can try to upgrade some packages step by step using aptitude and his options (read "man aptitude" about the possible options).

If you are a hard core experienced Linux user, then the advice to not install Knoppix to hard drive or to upgrade may not be for you. Such people may have the experience to resolve these problems and may enjoy the challenge of taking a version of Linux from a Live DVD and putting it on a hard disk. But installing Knoppix to hard disk is not advised for the average user.

The good news is that Debian and many other distros intended for install to hard disk have improved their installers greatly since Knoppix first came out. But unfortunately many people tend to look at Knoppix as the first version of Linux that they ever get running on their system and then are not willing to look any farther when they decide to install Linux to their hard disk, and are not willing to listen to the warnings, particularly when they hear that there is a KNOPPIX "full HD install".

It is sometimes said that Knoppix, once installed to disk, basically becomes "Debian". This is an unfortunate statement that I believe is often taken out of context. For people who have decided to install Knoppix anyway and have managed to get it working, then indeed Knoppix is sort of Debian since it is based on Debian, and you can turn to the Debian resources for answers to your questions (although the Debian forums are well aware of the Knoppix problems and usually will refuse to support a Knoppix on hard disk install). But it would be a disservice to users to suggest that when you use the KNOPPIX HD install script "0wn" then you have what you would have if you had installed Debian.

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[[Category : FAQ Page]]
[[Category:Hard_drive_Installation]]

Completely new HD based HowTo page

2016-05-08T17:50:41Z

WPSchulz: Redirected page to HD based HowTo

#redirect [[HD_based_HowTo]]

HD based HowTo

2016-05-08T17:49:40Z

WPSchulz: Created page with "== Different ways to run Knoppix == There are basically different ways to run Knoppix * Off the CD/DVD, the "classic", fall-back-to method * Off the → :Category:Hard_dri..."

== Different ways to run Knoppix ==
There are basically different ways to run Knoppix
* Off the CD/DVD, the "classic", fall-back-to method
* Off the → [[:Category:Hard_drive_Installation#ISO_install_to_HD|ISO install to HD]]
* From flash/USB media, → [[:Category:Hard_drive_Installation#Flash_disk_install|Flash disk install]]
* From harddisk copy of Knoppix, → [[:Category:Hard_drive_Installation#Poor_man.27s_install|Poor man's install]]
* From full HD install of Knoppix, → [[:Category:Hard_drive_Installation#HD_install|Full HD install]] (Debian-style)

Running Knoppix from '''flash disk install''' or from '''poor man's install''' is very similar in all respects. In both cases, it is a matter of
* copying the KNOPPIX system files to the root directory of a partition
* finding a workable booting solution
* creating → [[:Category:Hard_drive_Installation#Persistent_memory|persistent memory]] as needed

Except for speed differences, there is nothing you can do with a '''poor man's install''' that you can't do with '''flash disk install''' on a properly formatted flash media, and with increasingly larger capacity flash media (16+ GB), the methods of setting them up and running from them may become similar to hard disk. Also, an external USB harddisk is a preferred way of backup and mobile data storage, and it may easily be set up for booting Knoppix, be several methods.

Knoppix is a "file system agnostic" Linux version. It can be run from different media, like
* FAT32 - typically used on flash media (like USB sticks, CF-, SD- and micro-SD cards), but also perfectly usable for hard disk partitions when there is no need for >4GB files.
* NTFS - used on hard disks and larger flash media
* Ext2/3/4 - native Linux file system, can be used anywhere
* ReiserFS, the preferred file system for '''full HD install'''

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== Overview of HD installs ==
# [[:Category:Hard_drive_Installation#Poor_man.27s_install|'''→ Poor man's install''']]
# [[:Category:Hard_drive_Installation#HD_install|'''→ Full HD install''']]

Knoppix runs very well from harddisk by either install method. In '''poor man's install''', the way of booting is virtualy identical to removable media, and I think it is also very similar in Knoppix '''full HD install'''. The main differences are
* there is no persistent image union-mounted any more
* all programs are uncompressed to a partition mounted read-write (rw).

Knoppix being very close to standard Debian re program packages, a '''full HD install''' resembles standard Debian even more. The structure of such an install is described in Debian documentation, and it is fully possible to convert a Debian install into a Knoppix version - a pure 64-bits version of Knoppix was created that way.

A basic install only relates to the root and swap partitions, but may easily be modified to include several partitions. Knoppix has a "passive" attitude towards volume (partition) mounting, in that nothing is auto-mounted. This can easily be modified, but for safety reasons, it may be good only to mount partitions when they are to be used.

The '''poor man's install''' is also in effect very close to standard Debian, uses the same packages, and may be modified for multi-user situations. Also, the → [[:Category:Hard_drive_Installation#UNIONFS|Unionfs]] mounting of the compressed systemfile image (KNOPPIX) and the persistent memory allows for exactly the same kind of file administration as in ordinary installs, and for hard disk use, one may easily expand the → [[:Category:Hard_drive_Installation#Persistent_memory|persistent memory]] beyond the 4GB limit on FAT32. Furthermore, on newer processors, the decompression of programs upon running goes so fast that there is not much noticable difference running compressed or uncompressed. The large differences in this respect is with CD/DVDs, and to some extent with slow flash media. Even with external USB harddisks or fast external flash memory, there is, generally, little slowing down compared to '''full HD install''' after the system has been used for some hours.

When running '''full HD install''' with the Knoppix-script "0wn", booting is taken care of automatically, but it does not necessarily give the best setup for multi-booting. '''Poor man's install''' done fully manually does nothing about booting, and booting could be handled separately, for optimal multi-boot setup. '''Poor man's install''' don't need any booting modifications to be used; when not instructed otherwise, Knoppix will in fact search for them at bootup, and boot the first that is found.

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== Poor man's install ==
This is, basically, just copying the KNOPPIX system files to an existing partition. This copying may be done from within the version to copy, by other Linux versions, or from Windows. It is possible, but hardly necessary, to set up scripts for it. The default way is to use a Knoppix DVD using cheatcodes. Standard is to place the system files in the root directory of the partition, but elsewhere is also possible.

Writing to NTFS is still (2011) inherently not quite safe, but reported problems are few with restricted use like in this case. Therefore, general backup measures should be adequate also for Knoppix use. If there is more than one partition to install to, it might be smart to avoid the system partition, as the data partition should be well backed up in any case,

'''Important note:''' Beware of Boot directory on Windows!

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== Full HD install ==
'''Full HD install''' will create Knoppix "Debian-style", which some of us much prefer to the vanilla version. This is performed by a program called '''0wn''' (zero work needed). It requires
# a swap partition set up and
# a ReiserFS install partition.
It can be installed to a prepared HD, or setup the HD itself. The safest use is to have everything prepared for "0wn" in advance. Up to, and including, a bootloader (typically, legacy grub) which can easily be modified with more alternatives.

=== Planning for preparing partitions ===
Is the disk big enough? If not, the best starting point may be to swap it with a bigger one. Hard disks are cheap, with only a few cents per GB and any problems due to disk size simply can't be defended economically any more. Today, 250GB should be considered a minimum.

You know your partitioning tools? Gparted may be run during the install, but except for minor partition edits, it is really better to run it in advance. In case you have a dual boot installation, use Windows tools to shrink Win partition, if necessary.

Unless Knoppix is surely the one and only system to install on the actual disk, it is normally optimal to allocate max 2-3x the system size for the system partition. So, starting from a compressed DVD image of more than 4GB, we will get ca 10GB when uncompressed, and we may quickly add a few GB of new programs. So, 20-30GB is a good size for a Knoppix system partition. With lots of memory, swap space is not that important any longer, but it may be of use now and then, and 1-4GB isn't a bad choice. The old rule of swap=2xRAM isn't valid anymore (for example with 16GB RAM, it would unnecessarily be 32GB swap).

* Whenever possible, create a separate boot partition 0.2-6GB, and install legacy grub there.
* Create eventual other partitions for multi-booting. (Developing a 64-bits Knoppix, 4 different installs were used.)
* Need an exchange partition with Windows? Some GB FAT32-space could fix that.
* Possible leaving some space for future use, use the remaining space for a storage partition.

=== Planning for preparing packages on the to-install version ===
For general use it is, generally, not a good idea to start '''full HD install''' from DVD media. Tweaking, upgrading, extra install work should be done on beforehand. Therefore, it may be an advantage to start with a '''flash disk install''' or a '''poor man's install''' with a large persistent store.

If you lack some packages, go ahead and install them on your to-install version. Also removal of packages should be done now - they are of course not physically removed from compressed image, but they will not be copied over during install. Check if you have optimal versions, or that some upgrades might be in place. Don't postpone any work to after install, if you don't have to.

It is the whole actual Knoppix within your '''flash disk install''' or the '''poor man's install''' at install time, not only the initial compressed image, that gets installed in the '''full HD install'''..

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== Counterindications for full HD install ==
'''Full HD install''' of Knoppix is simple and relatively safe, but there are a few counterindications
* Actual version approaches end of expected lifetime. It is harder to upgrade a '''full HD install''' than a '''poor man's install'''.
* Hardware problems on the actual computer. Only install when Knoppix runs with no grave hardware problems.
* Probable problems with setting up Linux booting on the computer. '''Poor man's install''' avoids such conflicts.
* The system is going to be copied to/run on other computers. Much easier to transfer '''poor man's installs'''.
* The computer is not going to be run with Knoppix on a daily basis. For occasional use, '''flash disk installs''' or '''poor man's installs''' are better.
* '''Poor man's install''' runs OK, but persistent store is too small. Then grow it! 4GB is limit only on FAT32.
* Wants to run Knoppix faster and smoother. It's not going to help much. Try running 64-bits kernel, upgrading and restricting resource hog processes.
* Hard disk use needs '''full HD install'''. That's the worst miscomprehension.
* Want to boot Knoppix from HD. It's even easier with '''poor man's install'''.
* Want to be able to tweak settings. Most can be done with a persistent image.
* Want to be able to install programs. Second worst miscomprehension.

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== Indications for full HD install ==
Here are a few indications for '''full HD install'''
* Have used '''poor man's install''' for a while, got a stable system to install
* Will use Knoppix for servers
* Want to work less on a package basis, more occasional compiles etc.
* Development versions. E.g. pure 64-bits version
* Need to make some special adaptations, and the compressed image gets in the way.
* Needs better individual control over files in preparation of remastering
* Want to experiment with mixing elements of Debian, Knoppix and Ubuntu initalization.

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[[Category:FAQ_Page]]
[[Category:Hard drive Installation]]

Complete list of packages included with Knoppix

2016-05-03T17:36:59Z

WPSchulz: Redirected page to Downloading FAQ#Knoppix packages list

#redirect [[Downloading_FAQ#Knoppix_packages_list]]

Downloading FAQ

2016-05-03T17:34:41Z

WPSchulz:

=== Which version should I download? ===
The newest official versions should always be on the official BitTorrent Tracker, so get the most current status of version information there. They usually show up shortly after on most of the mirrors also, but some mirrors may take a week or more to update.

Official versions of Knoppix will have both a version number and a release date in their name. Some versions of Knoppix had several releases with different dates for minor bug fixes but did not change the version number, so checking the release date may be important.

Most of you needs the "KNOPPIX" and not "ADRIANE-KNOPPIX" version. "ADRIANE-KNOPPIX" is a special version for blind people.

The file names (before the ISO extension) will end in either DE or EN. The DE version will by default boot into German. The EN version will default to booting into English.

Most mirrors also contain some older version of Knoppix. There is currently no known website that offers all old released versions of Knoppix.

=== How do I get the current DVD? ===
* [http://torrent.unix-ag.uni-kl.de/ Download KNOPPIX via BitTorrent]. You can use the tool Transmission for this with its default settings. Start this tool and open the .torrent-file with it. You get a set of all related files also the md5 file automatically in one download. → [[Bittorrent|BitTorrent]] has its own checks and the md5 is only a second recheck of a good download.

* [http://www.knopper.net/knoppix-mirrors/ Download KNOPPIX from Mirrors]. Try to choose the mirror nearest you for best results. When downloading from a mirror, then also download the accompanying MD5 file too.

=== Knoppix packages list ===
==== Version 7.7.0 ====
* [http://www.wp-schulz.de/images/download/knoppix_77/kn-whp.lst Descriptions]
* [http://www.wp-schulz.de/images/download/knoppix_77/kn-vsn.lst Versions]

==== Version 7.6.1 ====
* [http://www.wp-schulz.de/images/download/knoppix_76/kn-whp.lst Descriptions]
* [http://www.wp-schulz.de/images/download/knoppix_76/kn-vsn.lst Versions]

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=== What are these md5 files? ===
These files contains checksums for the actual DVD. A checksum is a way of fingerprinting files. Just like a real fingerprint identifies a single person, a checksum is unique and matches exactly one file. It is used to verify that the file downloaded matches the original all the way down to the smallest details.

Many file corruption problems have been observed when downloading from the mirrors. It is very important to check the md5 checksum if you use a '''mirror'''. If you've downloaded your Knoppix using the '''Torrents''', you don't need to test integrity with md5sum. This will be done automatically by your Torrent client.

This discussion is about a separate md5 file that you can download from the mirror or that comes down as an individual file in the package of files that you get when you download with BitTorrent. The .md5 file is a plain-text file and can be viewed in a text editor or web browser.

Change to the download directory, where your KNOPPIX_V...EN.iso download is and the download of the KNOPPIX_V...EN.iso.md5 file. After this use
md5sum -c KNOPPIX_V...EN.iso.md5

Attention: Instead of '''KNOPPIX_V...EN.iso.md5''' use the real name.

* '''When downloading and running under Windows''', you can check the md5 checksum with [https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn520872.aspx Get-FileHash].

Checking the sha1 hash works the same as above.
sha1sum -c KNOPPIX_V...EN.iso.sha1
uses the .sha1 hash file that you can downloaded with the .iso image file.

=== What are these asc files? ===
If there is ever an uncertainty as whether or not the ISO image file and its accompanying MD5 file are originals & untampered, then the .asc files are important. The .asc files are digital signature messages.

Look for the public key of Klaus Knopper:
gpg --keyserver pool.sks-keyservers.net --search-keys "Klaus Knopper"
You'll get the message:
<pre>gpg --keyserver pool.sks-keyservers.net --search-keys "Klaus Knopper"
gpg: searching for "Klaus Knopper" from hkp server pool.sks-keyservers.net
(1) Klaus Knopper <knopper@linuxtag.de>
Klaus Knopper <knopper@linuxtag.org>
1024 bit RSA key BA8F038D, created: 2000-05-09
(2) Klaus Knopper <info@knopper.net>
Klaus Knopper <knopper@knopper.net>
Klaus Knopper <knoppix@knopper.net>
1024 bit DSA key 57E37087, created: 2000-05-06
(3) Klaus Knopper <knopper@unix-ag.uni-kl.de>
1024 bit RSA key D3892431, created: 1996-02-11
Keys 1-3 of 3 for "Klaus Knopper". Enter number(s), N)ext, or Q)uit > 2
gpg: requesting key 57E37087 from hkp server pool.sks-keyservers.net
gpg: DBG: armor-keys-failed (KEY 0x0E573DA0F13969EF1DD5ACAA3798E3D757E37087 BEGIN
) ->0
gpg: DBG: armor-keys-failed (KEY 0x0E573DA0F13969EF1DD5ACAA3798E3D757E37087 END
) ->0
gpg: key 57E37087: "Klaus Knopper <knopper@knopper.net>" not changed
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg: unchanged: 1</pre>
Klaus Knopper has signed the "...md5" file with his secret key; we can verify this:
gpg --verify KNOPPIX_V7.6.1DVD-2016-01-16-DE.iso.md5.asc
and get:
<pre>gpg: Signature made Sun Jan 24 19:41:31 2016 CET using DSA key ID 57E37087
gpg: Good signature from "Klaus Knopper <knopper@knopper.net>"
gpg: aka "Klaus Knopper <info@knopper.net>"
gpg: aka "Klaus Knopper <knoppix@knopper.net>"
gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature!
gpg: There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner.
Primary key fingerprint: 0E57 3DA0 F139 69EF 1DD5 ACAA 3798 E3D7 57E3 7087
gpg: WARNING: not a detached signature; file 'KNOPPIX_V7.6.1DVD-2016-01-16-DE.iso.md5' was NOT verified!</pre>
When in doubt we have to ask Prof. Knopper for his fingerprint telephonic or by letter.

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Return to '''[[Main Page]] of the Wiki'''
[[Category : FAQ Page]]

Customizing FAQ

2016-05-03T09:22:24Z

WPSchulz: Redirected page to Category:Hard drive Installation#Customizing Knoppix

#REDIRECT [[:Category:Hard_drive_Installation#Customizing_Knoppix]]

Knoppix Remastering Howto Deutsch

2016-05-03T09:12:08Z

WPSchulz:

Dies HowTo beschreibt, wie eine Knoppix '''CD''' nach der alten "chroot-Methode" remastert werden kann. Die Scripte von "Vorarbeiten" bis "ISO erstellen" wurden mit '''Knoppix V7.0.4CD''' getestet. Dies HowTo kann nicht für eine Knoppix '''DVD''' verwendet werden.

== Vorarbeiten ==
=== Vorbereitung zum Remaster ===
* Boote mit ''Knoppix CD''
* Ein Terminal öffnen und "su" eingeben, um root zu werden.
* Internet-Verbindung einrichten. Wenn DHCP verwendet wird, sollte bereits alles von allein konfiguriert sein (mit '''ifconfig''' überprüfen).
* Lege die Partition fest, mit der Du arbeiten willst und ändere die Variable "PFAD" innerhalb der Scripte wie Du sie brauchst. Im Beispiel hier wird '''/media/sda1''' verwendet. Die Partition sollte mindestens einen freien Platz von 5 GB zum remastern einer CD und 20 GB zum remastern einer DVD haben.
* Das erste Script macht alle notwendigen Vorarbeiten:
#! /bin/sh
# krhowto_1
# Path to partition you will work on
PFAD="/media/sda1"
START=$(date +'%s')
# Disable screensaver
xscreensaver-command -exit
# One sub-directory will be used for the Master-CD
mkdir -p $PFAD/knx/master
cd $PFAD/knx
# You will need a swapfile
dd if=/dev/zero of=swapfile bs=1M count=500
mkswap swapfile ; swapon swapfile
# Make a sub-directory for the source
mkdir -p $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX
echo "Copy the KNOPPIX files to your source directory."
echo "This will take a long time!"
cp -rp /KNOPPIX/* $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX
# Additionally, copy the files to build the ISO later
rsync -aH --exclude="KNOPPIX/KNOPPIX*" /mnt-system/* $PFAD/knx/master
# gunzip inital RAM-disk
mkdir -p $PFAD/knx/minirt/minirtdir
cp $PFAD/knx/master/boot/isolinux/minirt.gz $PFAD/knx/minirt/
cd $PFAD/knx/minirt/
gunzip minirt.gz
cd minirtdir
cpio -imd --no-absolute-filenames < ../minirt
# Enable screensaver
su knoppix -c "xscreensaver -nosplash &"
echo -e "\nFinished! Used time: $(expr $(expr $(date +'%s') - $START) / 60) min. \
and $(expr $(expr $(date +'%s') - $START) % 60) sec."

=== Einrichten der chroot-Umgebung ===
* Benutze dies Script bevor in die chroot-Umgebung gewechselt wird:
#! /bin/sh
# krhowto_2
# Path to partition you will work on
PFAD="/media/sda1"
# To use the Internet add your nameserver into the chroot folder
cp /etc/resolv.conf $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX/etc/resolv.conf
# Allow X-based programs in chroot
[ -e $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX/home/knoppix/.Xauthority ] \
&& rm $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX/home/knoppix/.Xauthority
cp /home/knoppix/.Xauthority $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX/home/knoppix
chown knoppix:knoppix $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX/home/knoppix/.Xauthority
# prepare enviroment for chroot
mount --bind /dev $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX/dev
mount -t proc proc $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX/proc
mount -t sysfs sysfs $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX/sys
mount --bind /dev/pts $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX/dev/pts
mount --bind /tmp $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX/tmp

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=== Arbeiten in der chroot-Umgebung ===
* Jetzt das "chroot" zur Kopie von KNOPPIX:
chroot /media/sda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX
* Bedenke, daß alles, was Du hier in der chroot-Umgebung machst, auf die CD gebrannt werden wird.
* Innerhalb des chroot können auch X-basierte Programme ausgeführt werden, wenn man sie von der Kommandozeile im Terminal aus startet.
* Tippe "su knoppix" ein, um zum Benutzer "knoppix" zu werden; verwende '''Strg+D''', um wieder "root" zu sein.
* Aktualisiere zuerst die Paketliste mit: '''apt-get update'''
** '''Warnung''': apt-get upgrade ist eine '''schlechte Idee'''. Es ist ziemlich wahrscheinlich, daß ein nicht mehr bootbares remastert KNOPPIX zurück bleibt, oder es sonstwie zerstört ist. Sicherer ist es, nur für einzelne Pakete ein Upgrade zu machen, wenn es wirklich nötig ist.
**Bevor man weitere Pakete installiert, wird es erforderlich sein, stattdessen andere Pakete zu löschen.
* Um eine Übersicht über die installierten Pakete zu erhalten, kann [http://www.wp-schulz.de/scripte/kn-what-script kn-what] benutz werden, welches unter anderen auch eine Liste nach Dateigröße liefert.

=== Verlassen der chroot-Umgebung ===
* Verwende '''Strg+D''', um die chroot-Umgebung zu verlassen; dann dies Script ausführen:
#! /bin/sh
# krhowto_3
# Path to partition you will work on
PFAD="/media/sda1"
for i in dev/pts proc sys dev tmp; do
umount $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX/$i
done
sed -i '2,$d' $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX/etc/resolv.conf

=== Arbeiten außerhalb der chroot-Umgebung ===
* Wenn man ein andersartiges Startverhalten von Knoppix möchte, kann man Änderungen in '/media/sda1/knx/master/boot/isolinux/isolinux.cfg' eintragen:
** Ersetze zum Beispiel überall 'tz=localtime' mit 'tz=Europe/Berlin'
* In dieser Datei kann man auch Cheatcodes anfügen, welche man immer braucht:
** Hänge zum Beispiel 'no3d' (ohne ' ') an jede Append-Zeile an, wenn man nicht Compiz 3d mag.
* Lies '''knoppix-cheatcodes.txt''' durch. Die neuste Version davon ist immer hier [http://www.knopper.net/knoppix-mirrors/ Mirrors] zu finden.
* In '/media/sda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX/etc/X11/Xsession.d/45knoppix' findet sich, welches Wallpaper Knoppix benutzt und welchen Startsound.
* In '/media/sda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX/etc/init.d/knoppix-halt' ist der Hinweis, was beim shutdown zu hören ist.
* Erstelle die Datei '/media/sda1/knx/master/KNOPPIX/knoppix.sh' neu und trage hier Dienste ein, welche man zusätzlich starten möchte.

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== ISO erstellen ==
* Wir sind jetzt fertig mit den Anpassungen und bereit zum brennen:
#! /bin/sh
# krhowto_4
# Path to partition you will work on
PFAD="/media/sda1"
START=$(date +'%s')
# Disable screensaver
xscreensaver-command -exit
# Build new inital RAM-disk
cd $PFAD/knx/minirt/minirtdir/
find . | cpio -oH newc | gzip -9 > ../minirt.gz
cp $PFAD/knx/minirt/minirt.gz $PFAD/knx/master/boot/isolinux/
# Make the big compressed filesystem KNOPPIX
genisoimage -input-charset ISO-8859-15 -R -l -D -V KNOPPIX_FS -quiet \
-no-split-symlink-components -no-split-symlink-fields \
-hide-rr-moved -cache-inodes $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX \
| /usr/sbin/create_compressed_fs -q -B 65536 -t 8 -L 9 \
-f $PFAD/knx/isotemp - $PFAD/knx/master/KNOPPIX/KNOPPIX
# Update the file hashes used by the "testcd" boot option
cd $PFAD/knx/master ; find -type f -not -name \
sha1sums -not -name boot.cat -not \
-name isolinux.bin -exec sha1sum '{}' \; > KNOPPIX/sha1sums
# Create new Knoppix ISO
genisoimage -l -r -J -V "KNOPPIX" \
-b boot/isolinux/isolinux.bin -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 \
-boot-info-table -c boot/isolinux/boot.cat \
-o $PFAD/knx/remasterd.iso $PFAD/knx/master
# Enable screensaver
su knoppix -c "xscreensaver -nosplash &"
echo -e "\nFinished! Used time: $(expr $(expr $(date +'%s') - $START) / 60) min. \
and $(expr $(expr $(date +'%s') - $START) % 60) sec. \
\n\nThe new ISO is stored in '$PFAD/knx/remastered.iso' "

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== ISO testen ohne eine CD zu brennen ==
* kvm-qemu
Wenn der Prozessor Virtualization unterstützt '''und''' wenn dies im BIOS aktiviert ist, kannst Du die neue ISO mit kvm-qemu testen. Prüfe auf Support mit:
egrep '(vmx|svm)' --color=always /proc/cpuinfo
Wenn das Ergebnis "vmx" ist, gib
modprobe kvm-intel
andernfalls, wenn das Ergebnis "svm" ist, gib
modprobe kvm-amd
ein, um das kvm Modul zu laden. Jetzt kann das Iso getestet werden mit:
kvm -m 512 -cdrom $PFAD/knx/remastered.iso

* VirtualBox
Alternativ kann das neue ISO mit VirtualBox geprüft werden.
----

Sieh auch:
* [http://www.wp-schulz.de/summary/summary-remaster Remaster Knoppix without chroot]
* [http://www.wp-schulz.de/summary/summary-recombine Recombine Knoppix flash installation]

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[[Category: Remastering Knoppix ]]

Knoppix Remastering Howto

2016-05-03T09:11:09Z

WPSchulz:

German translation → [[Knoppix Remastering Howto Deutsch]]

----
This is a guide that will show you how to remaster KNOPPIX '''CD''' using the old "chroot method". The command lines within "Instructions" and "Remastering the ISO" are tested with '''Knoppix V7.0.4CD'''. You cannot use this HowTo for Knoppix '''DVD'''.

== Instructions ==
=== Setting up for Remastering ===
* Boot from the ''Knoppix CD''
* Open a terminal and type "su" to become root.
* Configure your Internet connection. If you use DHCP, it should already be configured. ( Run '''ifconfig''' to check.)
* Find the partition you will use to work on and change the variable "PFAD" within the scripts as you need. In this example it is called '''/media/sda1'''. The partition should have a minimum of 5 GB free space for CD remaster and 20 GB for DVD remaster.
* Make sure the partition is mounted!! (Run '''mount''' or '''df''' to check.)
* The first script makes all needed preparations:
#! /bin/sh
# krhowto_1
# Path to partition you will work on
PFAD="/media/sda1"
START=$(date +'%s')
# Disable screensaver
xscreensaver-command -exit
# One sub-directory will be used for the Master-CD
mkdir -p $PFAD/knx/master
cd $PFAD/knx
# You will need a swapfile
dd if=/dev/zero of=swapfile bs=1M count=500
mkswap swapfile ; swapon swapfile
# Make a sub-directory for the source
mkdir -p $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX
echo "Copy the KNOPPIX files to your source directory."
echo "This will take a long time!"
cp -rp /KNOPPIX/* $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX
# Additionally, copy the files to build the ISO later
rsync -aH --exclude="KNOPPIX/KNOPPIX*" /mnt-system/* $PFAD/knx/master
# gunzip inital RAM-disk
mkdir -p $PFAD/knx/minirt/minirtdir
cp $PFAD/knx/master/boot/isolinux/minirt.gz $PFAD/knx/minirt/
cd $PFAD/knx/minirt/
gunzip minirt.gz
cd minirtdir
cpio -imd --no-absolute-filenames < ../minirt
# Enable screensaver
su knoppix -c "xscreensaver -nosplash &"
echo -e "\nFinished! Used time: $(expr $(expr $(date +'%s') - $START) / 60) min. \
and $(expr $(expr $(date +'%s') - $START) % 60) sec."

=== Setup the environment for chroot ===
* Use this script to build the chroot environment:
#! /bin/sh
# krhowto_2
# Path to partition you will work on
PFAD="/media/sda1"
# To use the Internet add your nameserver into the chroot folder
cp /etc/resolv.conf $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX/etc/resolv.conf
# Allow X-based programs in chroot
[ -e $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX/home/knoppix/.Xauthority ] \
&& rm $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX/home/knoppix/.Xauthority
cp /home/knoppix/.Xauthority $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX/home/knoppix
chown knoppix:knoppix $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX/home/knoppix/.Xauthority
# prepare enviroment for chroot
mount --bind /dev $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX/dev
mount -t proc proc $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX/proc
mount -t sysfs sysfs $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX/sys
mount --bind /dev/pts $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX/dev/pts
mount --bind /tmp $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX/tmp

<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>

=== Working in the Chroot Environment ===
* Now you can "chroot" into the copied KNOPPIX:
chroot /media/sda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX
* Remember that anything you do or create in the chrooted environment will get burned to the CD.
* Within the chroot you can also start X-based programs from command line of the terminal.
* Type "su knoppix" to become user knoppix; use "Strg D" to be root again.
* Update your package list with: '''apt-get update'''
** '''Warning''': apt-get upgrade is a ''BAD IDEA''. It will, quite probably, render your KNOPPIX remaster unbootable, or broken in some way. A far safer method is to only upgrade packages as necessary.
**Before you can add stuff, you will probably need to remove some packages.
* To get a list of packages installed, you can use [http://www.wp-schulz.de/scripte/kn-what-script kn-what] to get lists sorted by size etc.

=== Leaving the Chroot ===
* Press '''CTRL+D''' to leave being chrooted; then use this schript:
#! /bin/sh
# krhowto_3
# Path to partition you will work on
PFAD="/media/sda1"
for i in dev/pts proc sys dev tmp; do
umount $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX/$i
done
sed -i '2,$d' $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX/etc/resolv.conf

=== Changes outside from chroot enviroment ===
* If you want another way to start with Knoppix, make changes in '/media/sda1/knx/master/boot/isolinux/isolinux.cfg':
** for example replace all 'tz=localtime' with 'tz=America/New_York'
* You can append in this file cheatcodes, which you need all the time:
** for example write 'no3d' (without ' ') to each Append line, if you don't like compiz 3d
* Read '''knoppix-cheatcodes.txt'''. You can find the newest version of this file on the [http://www.knopper.net/knoppix-mirrors/ Mirrors].
* In '/media/sda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX/etc/X11/Xsession.d/45knoppix' you can find, which wallpaper Knoppix uses or which startup-sound.
* In '/media/sda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX/etc/init.d/knoppix-halt' you'll find which sound you hear during shutdown.
* Create a file '/media/sda1/knx/master/KNOPPIX/knoppix.sh' in order to start additional services.

<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>

== Remastering the ISO ==
* We've finished customizing and ready to burn!
#! /bin/sh
# krhowto_4
# Path to partition you will work on
PFAD="/media/sda1"
START=$(date +'%s')
# Disable screensaver
xscreensaver-command -exit
# Build new inital RAM-disk
cd $PFAD/knx/minirt/minirtdir/
find . | cpio -oH newc | gzip -9 > ../minirt.gz
cp $PFAD/knx/minirt/minirt.gz $PFAD/knx/master/boot/isolinux/
# Make the big compressed filesystem KNOPPIX
genisoimage -input-charset ISO-8859-15 -R -l -D -V KNOPPIX_FS -quiet \
-no-split-symlink-components -no-split-symlink-fields \
-hide-rr-moved -cache-inodes $PFAD/knx/source/KNOPPIX \
| /usr/sbin/create_compressed_fs -q -B 65536 -t 8 -L 9 \
-f $PFAD/knx/isotemp - $PFAD/knx/master/KNOPPIX/KNOPPIX
# Update the file hashes used by the "testcd" boot option
cd $PFAD/knx/master ; find -type f -not -name \
sha1sums -not -name boot.cat -not \
-name isolinux.bin -exec sha1sum '{}' \; > KNOPPIX/sha1sums
# Create new Knoppix ISO
genisoimage -l -r -J -V "KNOPPIX" \
-b boot/isolinux/isolinux.bin -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 \
-boot-info-table -c boot/isolinux/boot.cat \
-o $PFAD/knx/remastered.iso $PFAD/knx/master
# Enable screensaver
su knoppix -c "xscreensaver -nosplash &"
echo -e "\nFinished! Used time: $(expr $(expr $(date +'%s') - $START) / 60) min. \
and $(expr $(expr $(date +'%s') - $START) % 60) sec. \
\n\nThe new ISO is stored in '$PFAD/knx/remastered.iso' "

<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>

== Test CD Image Without Burning a CD ==
* kvm-qemu
If your processor supports virtualization '''and''' it is enabled by the BIOS you can test the new ISO by kvm-qemu. Check for support by:
egrep '(vmx|svm)' --color=always /proc/cpuinfo
If you get the result "vmx" type
modprobe kvm-intel
otherwise if you get the result "svm" type
modprobe kvm-amd
to load the kvm module. Now you can test the new ISO by
kvm -m 512 -cdrom $PFAD/knx/remastered.iso

* VirtualBox
VirtualBox can be used to test a newly generated ISO as well.
----

See also:
* [http://www.wp-schulz.de/summary/summary-remaster Remaster Knoppix without chroot]
* [http://www.wp-schulz.de/summary/summary-recombine Recombine Knoppix flash installation]

<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>
----

Return to '''[[Main Page]] of the Wiki'''.

[[Category: Remastering Knoppix ]]

Deutsch Install FAQ

2016-05-03T09:06:32Z

WPSchulz: Redirected page to HD Installation Warnung

#REDIRECT [[HD_Installation_Warnung]]

Rescue FAQ

2016-05-03T09:03:52Z

WPSchulz: Replaced content with "{{delete|outdated}} ~~~~"

{{delete|outdated}} [[User:WPSchulz|WPSchulz]] ([[User talk:WPSchulz|talk]]) 05:03, 3 May 2016 (EDT)

PXE FAQ

2016-05-03T09:03:17Z

WPSchulz: Replaced content with "{{delete|outdated}} ~~~~"

{{delete|outdated}} [[User:WPSchulz|WPSchulz]] ([[User talk:WPSchulz|talk]]) 05:03, 3 May 2016 (EDT)

Network Wireless for Knoppix 5.3.1 FAQ

2016-05-03T09:02:16Z

WPSchulz: Replaced content with "{{delete|outdated}} ~~~~"

{{delete|outdated}} [[User:WPSchulz|WPSchulz]] ([[User talk:WPSchulz|talk]]) 05:02, 3 May 2016 (EDT)

Network Wireless for Knoppix 5.1.1 FAQ

2016-05-03T09:01:29Z

WPSchulz: Replaced content with "{{delete|outdated}} ~~~~"

{{delete|outdated}} [[User:WPSchulz|WPSchulz]] ([[User talk:WPSchulz|talk]]) 05:01, 3 May 2016 (EDT)

HD Install Warning not to do it

2016-05-03T08:59:19Z

WPSchulz:

German translation → [[HD_Installation_Warnung|HD Installation Warnung]]
----

== Knoppix is .. ==

KNOPPIX is a bootable Live system on CD or DVD, consisting of a representative collection of GNU/Linux software, automatic hardware detection, and support for many graphics cards, sound cards, SCSI and USB devices and other peripherals. KNOPPIX can be used as a productive Linux system for the desktop, educational CD, rescue system, or adapted and used as a platform for commercial software product demos. (from: http://www.knopper.net/knoppix/index-en.html)

== Knoppix is not Debian ==

Knoppix is based on the Debian "distro" of Linux, but it isn't Debian. Knoppix is a live CD/DVD and is intended to run right from the CD/DVD or from a flash drive after "Install KNOPPIX to flash disk".

Clearly Debian runs from the Debian Live CD too, since the Debian installer runs under Debian when the CD boots, but when running from the Live CD, Debian is intended to install, where Knoppix tries to give you a rich and portable environment and an introduction to Linux before ever having to make any change to your hard disk. But it isn't intended that you just copy things to the hard disk and run that way.

Knoppix added some very cool hardware detection at a time when Debian was asking a lot of technical questions during the install; questions that some users found hard to answer, and even experienced users may have to stop the install to check their hardware or their Windows software to get the answer to. In the past some people were so impressed with this that they wrote a lot of scripts to "install" Knoppix to hard disk. In the meantime you can use the script "0wn".

== The different versions problem ==

The problem is that there are several different versions of Debian. These are sometimes called the stable, testing and unstable versions. At other times they are known by their internal code names for the different versions. Hopefully someday the testing version will become the new stable version, but the versions known as Wheezy or Jessie will always be Wheezy and Jessie, no matter if they are called stable or not. So why is this a problem? Because when you add programs or install security updates or other updates, the design of the Debian system expects that you will stay within the same version. Packages (programs) that work under Wheezy are expected to stay under Wheezy. They are not tested to work under other releases and indeed may not work or may even break something else when installed or updated. The same is true for the other versions of Debian as well.

Hopefully by now you are thinking "So what and, by the way, which version of Debian is Knoppix based on?" Well, Klaus Knopper made a very important choice when he built Knoppix. Knowing that it was going to be run from a CD/DVD he decided that he could mix and match between the different Debian versions, as long as he did this carefully and tested everything and manually fixed version problems. For him that was a good choice. The "stable" version of Debian is usually somewhat dated. The "testing" version is usually actually pretty stable, although there may be some minor issues to be worked out or just things that haven't been tested enough for Debian to classify as stable when a distro of Linux is going to be used in a large expensive mission critical application.

There may be some software that is so new that it is only in the "unstable" version, even though that software itself is pretty well known to be stable and bug free (as much as any software ever is). So choosing to mix between the versions and test extensively for version issues allows Klaus Knopper to release a great live CD/DVD. It can contain some of the newest packages when needed. It can contain stable packages from a trusted version when newer versions have known problems, or have become too bloated to fit on the CD, or when there is any other good reason to stay with an older version.

<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>

== Why not upgrade Knoppix? ==

This mixing of different versions works out great for a Live CD/DVD where everything has been tested to work together well. It does not work out so well when you take that combination of carefully tested and balanced (and maybe hacked to fit) software and install it to hard disk, particularly if you ever install anything else or try to update or upgrade any of the current packages. That makes the package manager do things that it is not intended to do with parts taken from the different versions.

It's the same with "KNOPPIX flash disk install". If you ever try to upgrade the whole installation, you'll run in trouble because of violated dependicies and in the end your system is broken. If ever needed you can try to upgrade some packages step by step using aptitude and his options (read "man aptitude" about the possible options).

If you are a hard core experienced Linux user, then the advice to not install Knoppix to hard drive or to upgrade may not be for you. Such people may have the experience to resolve these problems and may enjoy the challenge of taking a version of Linux from a Live CD and putting it on a hard disk. But installing Knoppix to hard disk is not advised for the average user.

The good news is that Debian and many other distros intended for install to hard disk have improved their installers greatly since Knoppix first came out. But unfortunately many people tend to look at Knoppix as the first version of Linux that they ever get running on their system and then are not willing to look any farther when they decide to install Linux to their hard disk, and are not willing to listen to the warnings, particularly when they hear that there is a "KNOPPIX HD install".

It is sometimes said that Knoppix, once installed to disk, basically becomes "Debian". This is an unfortunate statement that I believe is often taken out of context. For people who have decided to install Knoppix anyway and have managed to get it working, then indeed Knoppix is sort of Debian since it is based on Debian, and you can turn to the Debian resources for answers to your questions (although the Debian forums are well aware of the Knoppix problems and usually will refuse to support a Knoppix on hard disk install). But it would be a disservice to users to suggest that when you use the "KNOPPIX HD install" script then you have what you would have if you had installed Debian.

<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>

[[Category : FAQ Page]]
[[Category:Hard_drive_Installation]]

HD Installation Warnung

2016-05-03T08:57:52Z

WPSchulz: Created page with "== Knoppix ist .. == KNOPPIX ist eine komplett von CD oder DVD lauffähige Zusammenstellung von GNU/Linux-Software mit automatischer Hardwareerkennung und Unterstützung für..."

== Knoppix ist .. ==

KNOPPIX ist eine komplett von CD oder DVD lauffähige Zusammenstellung von GNU/Linux-Software mit automatischer Hardwareerkennung und Unterstützung für viele Grafikkarten, Soundkarten, SCSI- und USB-Geräte und sonstige Peripherie. KNOPPIX kann als produktives Linux-System für den Desktop, Schulungs-CD, Rescue-System oder als Plattform für kommerzielle Software-Produktdemos angepasst und eingesetzt werden. (aus: http://www.knopper.net/knoppix/index.html)

== Knoppix ist nicht Debian ==

Knoppix basiert auf der Linux Distribution von Debian, aber es ist nicht Debian. Knoppix ist eine Live CD/DVD und es ist beabsichtigt, daß alles von CD/DVD aus funktioniert oder von einer Flash-Disk nach "Knoppix auf Flash-Disk installieren".

Natürlich läuft auch Debian von einer CD aus, wenn wir mit einer Debian Installations-CD booten, aber bei Debian ist es nur beabsichtigt, Debian zu installieren. Knoppix dagegen versucht, uns mit einer reichhaltigen und überall anwendbaren Arbeitsumgebung eine Einführung in Linux zu geben, ohne daß wir etwas auf unsere Festplatte installieren müssen. Aber es ist nicht beabsichtigt, etwas auf die Festplatte zu kopieren und zum Laufen zu bringen.

Knoppix hatte bereits eine leistungsfähige Hardware-Erkennung zu einer Zeit, als Debian während der Installation noch jede Menge technische Fragen stellte - Fragen, die für einige User schwer zu beantworten waren. Und sogar erfahrene Benutzer haben vermutlich die Installation unterbrechen müssen, um sich mit Hilfe von Programmen von Windows einen Überblick über ihre vorhandene Hardware zu verschaffen. Einige Leute waren davon so beeindruckt, daß sie begannen Scripte zu schreiben, wie man Knoppix auf eine Festplatte "installiert". Mittlerweile kann man dafür das Script "0wn" verwenden.

<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>

== Das Problem der verschiedenen Versionen ==

Das Problem ist, daß es verschiedene Versionen von Debian gibt, welche eine Zeitlang stable, testing und unstable Version genannt werden. Andrerseits sind die verschiedenen Versionen unter ihrem internen Codenamen bekannt. Auch wenn die Aussicht besteht, daß die jetzige testing Version demnächst die neue stable Version wird, so bleiben doch Versionen, die als Wheezy oder Jessie bekannt sind, immer noch Wheezy oder Jessie, egal, ob sie jetzt stable genannt werden oder nicht. Wo ist nun das Problem? Wenn du Programme aussuchst oder Sicherheits-Updates oder sonstige Updates installierst, so erwartet das Design von Debian, daß du innerhalb der gleichen Version bleibst. Bei Paketen, die unter Wheezy arbeiten, wird erwartet, daß sie auch nur unter Wheezy verwendet werden. Für sie wurde nicht getestet, ob sie unter anderen Releases arbeiten; und es kann sein, daß sie nicht arbeiten oder Abhängigkeiten verletzen, wenn sie installiert oder upgedated werden. Das gilt ebenfalls für die anderen Versionen von Debian.

Hoffnungsvoll denkt jetzt mancher: "Na und, auf welcher Debian Version basiert Knoppix?". Nun, Klaus Knopper traf eine sehr wichtige Entscheidung, als er Knoppix erstellte. Im Bewußtsein, daß alles von CD/DVD aus laufen sollte, entschloß er sich, sorgfältig einen Mix aus verschiedenen Versionen zu erstellen, alles zu testen und Versions-Probleme von Hand zu fixen. Für ihn war dies eine gute Wahl. Die "stable" Version von Debian ist gewöhnlich etwas veraltet. Die testing Version ist gewöhnlich ganz schön stabil, auch wenn es noch einige kleine Fehler geben mag, die noch ausgemerzt werden müssen. Oder es gibt Sachen, die für Debian noch nicht hinreichend genug getestet worden sind, um sie als "stable" einzustufen, wenn eine Linux Distribution für sehr weitreichende Aufgaben in einem kritischen Umfeld eingesetzt werden soll.

Da mag es Software geben, die so neu ist, daß sie nur in "unstable" Version eingesetzt wird, auch wenn die Software ausreichend als stabil und fehlerfrei bekannt ist (soweit dies je eine Software ist). Diese Entscheidung, Versionen zu mischen und extensiv auf Versionsprobleme zu testen, erlaubt es Klaus Knopper, eine großartige Live CD/DVD anzubieten. Sie kann wenn nötig einige der neuesten Packete enthalten. Sie kann stabil laufende Packete aus einer verläßlichen Version enthalten, wenn neuere Versionen bekannte Probleme aufweisen oder sie zu groß wurden, um noch auf eine CD/DVD zu passen, oder wenn es andere gute Gründe gab, die alte Version beizubehalten.

<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>

== Warum kein Upgrade von Knoppix? ==

Diese Mischung von verschiedenen Versionen arbeitet hervorragend bei einer Live CD/DVD, wo alles darauf hin getestet wurde, daß es gut zusammen arbeitet. Das funktioniert nicht so gut, wenn man die sorgfältig getestete und ausgewogene Zusammenstellung an Software nimmt (manchmal mit einem Kunstgriff passend gemacht) und auf eine Festplatte installiert, besonders, wenn noch alles mögliche sonst installiert oder versucht wird, die Pakete zu updaten oder upgraden. Das führt dazu, daß der Paketmanager Dinge vollzieht, die so nicht beabsichtigt waren, als Teile aus verschiedenen Versionen verwendet wurden.

Das gleiche trifft für "KNOPPIX auf Flash-Disk installieren" zu. Falls man jemals versucht, die ganze Installation upzugraden, wird man Schwierigkeiten wegen verletzter Abhängigkeiten bekommen und am Ende ist das System unbrauchbar. Falls notwendig kann man versuchen, einzelne Pakete Schritt für Schritt upzugraden mit Hilfe von aptitude und seinen Optionen ("man aptitude" zeigt, welche Optionen möglich sind).

Auf sehr erfahrene Linux User mag der Rat nicht zutreffen, Knoppix nicht zu installieren oder upzugraden. Diese Leute haben eventuell Erfahrung genug, solch Probleme zu lösen. Ihnen gefällt die Möglichkeit, eine Live CD/DVD zu verwenden und sie auf die Festplatte zu installieren. Aber für den Durchschnitts-User ist es nicht ratsam, Knoppix auf eine Festplatte zu installiern.

Jetzt die gute Nachricht: Debian und viele andere für eine Installation geeignete Distributionen haben ihre Installationsprogramme sehr verbessert, seit Knoppix das erste Mal angeboten wurde. Leider neigen viele Leute dazu, nur Knoppix im Blick zu behalten, da es die erste Linux-Version war, die sie je auf ihrem System zum Laufen brachten. Sie wollen sich dann nichts andres mehr ansehen, wenn sie sich entschlossen haben, ein Linux fest zu installieren, und sie mißachten alle Warnungen, besonders, wenn sie hören, daß es da "KNOPPIX HD-Installation" gebe.

Manchmal wird gesagt, Knoppix würde im wesentlichen zu Debian, wenn es erstmal auf Festplatte installiert sei. Dies ist eine etwas unglückliche Feststellung und, wie ich glaube, oft aus dem Kontext heraus gelöst. Für Leute, die sich für eine Festinstallation von Knoppix entschieden haben, und es fertig brachten, daß alles funktioniert, für die ist Knoppix in der Tat eine Art Debian, da es auf Debian basiert. Man kann sich dann an die Hilfsquellen von Debian wenden für Antwort auf Fragen (obwohl die Debian Foren von den Knoppix Problemen wissen und gewöhnlich bei Festinstallation von Knoppix Hilfe verweigern). Aber man würde Usern einen schlechten Dienst erweisen, wenn man man den Eindruck hervorrufen würde, sie hätten mit Skript "KNOPPIX HD-Installation" das Gleiche erreicht, wie wenn sie Debian installiert hätten.

<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>

[[Category : FAQ Page]]
[[Category: Hard_drive_Installation]]

Knoppix Terminal Server

2016-05-03T08:54:49Z

WPSchulz:

We can use "Terminal server" during class. One computer has to work as TS host and offers Knoppix over the LAN (not WLAN); the computers of the students works as TS clients and don't need an installation of Knoppix on their computers. They have to boot with the BIOS option "over network" and get the OS from the server for this session.
==Terminal Server installation==
If you have a computer, who cannot boot from DVD or USB but over network, you can use the Terminal Server install (in former days known as PXE install). This computer will be your '''TS client'''. You need another computer connected to your LAN (not WLAN) as the '''TS host'''.

Boot Knoppix on your TS host and select "Knoppix => Start KNOPPIX Terminal Server". When you get the question "Please enter the desired IP-Range ..", you have to change the values to the IP range of your router. For me the values are "192.168.17.10 192.168.17.30". Important: '''deactivate''' the option "secure Disable root access on client(s)"!

Now boot your TS client with the BIOS option "over network". When you can see the Knoppix screen go on with [Enter]. At the end of the startup you are within the TS client, but get the OS from TS host. To see the partitions of the TS client use "lsblk" in a terminal. In my example '/dev/sda4' is a free partition and ext4 formatted.

'''* Do the installation'''
su
mount /media/sda4
rsync -av --progress /mnt-system/KNOPPIX /media/sda4
cd /mnt-system/boot/syslinux/
cp linux linux64 minirt.gz /media/sda4/KNOPPIX/

'''Important note''': "/dev/sda4" is only as an example; use your own value! Take care of '/KNOPPIX' with or without "/" at the end. If you did use a DVD instead of a Flash device to boot the TS host, you need the line "cd /mnt-system/boot/isolinux/"

'''* Make the installation bootable'''

To be able to boot the "Terminal Server installation" on the TS client we need an entry within GRUB of the standard OS on this computer. In my example it is Debian on '/dev/sda1'. Mount your partition containing your standard OS.

If you are using GRUB legacy as bootloader append within '/boot/grub/menu.lst' of your standard OS

title KNOPPIX PMI
kernel (hd0,3)/KNOPPIX/linux fromhd=/dev/sda4 (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd (hd0,3)/KNOPPIX/minirt.gz

title KNOPPIX 64 PMI
kernel (hd0,3)/KNOPPIX/linux64 fromhd=/dev/sda4 (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd (hd0,3)/KNOPPIX/minirt.gz

'''Important note''': In this example Knoppix has been installed to 1st device in the 4th partition (hd0,3). "(hd0,0)" means 1st device and 1st partition with GRUB legacy.

If you are using GRUB2 as bootloader append within '/etc/grub.d/40_custom' of your standard OS

menuentry "Knoppix PMI" {
set root='(hd1,1)'
linux /KNOPPIX/linux (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd /KNOPPIX/minirt.gz
}

menuentry "Knoppix 64 PMI" {
set root='(hd1,1)'
linux /KNOPPIX/linux64 (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd /KNOPPIX/minirt.gz
}

Don't forget "update-grub"!

'''Important note''': In this example Knoppix has been installed to 2nd device in the 1st partition (hd1,1). "(hd0,1)" means 1st device and 1st partition with GRUB 2.

Instead of (.. other boot-parameter ..) use the parameters as you need or as you can see in the "APPEND"-lines of '/mnt-system/boot/isolinux/isolinux.cfg' from Knoppix DVD - but '''without the parameter''' "initrd=minirt.gz".

'''* We need persistent memory'''

First time we boot our "Terminal server installation" we have to edit the boot parameters within Grub manually. When you can see the option "Knoppix 64 PMI" type "e" to edit the paramters. At the end of the line "linux /KNOPPIX/linux64 ..." append "mkimage" and go on with [F10].

You can select the size of your persistent memory (file, not partition) and if you want to encrypt this or not.

<center>[[#top|Top]]</center>

[[Category : FAQ Page]]

HD Install Warning not to do it

2016-05-03T08:51:43Z

WPSchulz:

German translation → [[Warnung_HD_Installation|Warnung HD Installation ]]
----

== Knoppix is .. ==

KNOPPIX is a bootable Live system on CD or DVD, consisting of a representative collection of GNU/Linux software, automatic hardware detection, and support for many graphics cards, sound cards, SCSI and USB devices and other peripherals. KNOPPIX can be used as a productive Linux system for the desktop, educational CD, rescue system, or adapted and used as a platform for commercial software product demos. (from: http://www.knopper.net/knoppix/index-en.html)

== Knoppix is not Debian ==

Knoppix is based on the Debian "distro" of Linux, but it isn't Debian. Knoppix is a live CD/DVD and is intended to run right from the CD/DVD or from a flash drive after "Install KNOPPIX to flash disk".

Clearly Debian runs from the Debian Live CD too, since the Debian installer runs under Debian when the CD boots, but when running from the Live CD, Debian is intended to install, where Knoppix tries to give you a rich and portable environment and an introduction to Linux before ever having to make any change to your hard disk. But it isn't intended that you just copy things to the hard disk and run that way.

Knoppix added some very cool hardware detection at a time when Debian was asking a lot of technical questions during the install; questions that some users found hard to answer, and even experienced users may have to stop the install to check their hardware or their Windows software to get the answer to. In the past some people were so impressed with this that they wrote a lot of scripts to "install" Knoppix to hard disk. In the meantime you can use the script "0wn".

== The different versions problem ==

The problem is that there are several different versions of Debian. These are sometimes called the stable, testing and unstable versions. At other times they are known by their internal code names for the different versions. Hopefully someday the testing version will become the new stable version, but the versions known as Wheezy or Jessie will always be Wheezy and Jessie, no matter if they are called stable or not. So why is this a problem? Because when you add programs or install security updates or other updates, the design of the Debian system expects that you will stay within the same version. Packages (programs) that work under Wheezy are expected to stay under Wheezy. They are not tested to work under other releases and indeed may not work or may even break something else when installed or updated. The same is true for the other versions of Debian as well.

Hopefully by now you are thinking "So what and, by the way, which version of Debian is Knoppix based on?" Well, Klaus Knopper made a very important choice when he built Knoppix. Knowing that it was going to be run from a CD/DVD he decided that he could mix and match between the different Debian versions, as long as he did this carefully and tested everything and manually fixed version problems. For him that was a good choice. The "stable" version of Debian is usually somewhat dated. The "testing" version is usually actually pretty stable, although there may be some minor issues to be worked out or just things that haven't been tested enough for Debian to classify as stable when a distro of Linux is going to be used in a large expensive mission critical application.

There may be some software that is so new that it is only in the "unstable" version, even though that software itself is pretty well known to be stable and bug free (as much as any software ever is). So choosing to mix between the versions and test extensively for version issues allows Klaus Knopper to release a great live CD/DVD. It can contain some of the newest packages when needed. It can contain stable packages from a trusted version when newer versions have known problems, or have become too bloated to fit on the CD, or when there is any other good reason to stay with an older version.

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== Why not upgrade Knoppix? ==

This mixing of different versions works out great for a Live CD/DVD where everything has been tested to work together well. It does not work out so well when you take that combination of carefully tested and balanced (and maybe hacked to fit) software and install it to hard disk, particularly if you ever install anything else or try to update or upgrade any of the current packages. That makes the package manager do things that it is not intended to do with parts taken from the different versions.

It's the same with "KNOPPIX flash disk install". If you ever try to upgrade the whole installation, you'll run in trouble because of violated dependicies and in the end your system is broken. If ever needed you can try to upgrade some packages step by step using aptitude and his options (read "man aptitude" about the possible options).

If you are a hard core experienced Linux user, then the advice to not install Knoppix to hard drive or to upgrade may not be for you. Such people may have the experience to resolve these problems and may enjoy the challenge of taking a version of Linux from a Live CD and putting it on a hard disk. But installing Knoppix to hard disk is not advised for the average user.

The good news is that Debian and many other distros intended for install to hard disk have improved their installers greatly since Knoppix first came out. But unfortunately many people tend to look at Knoppix as the first version of Linux that they ever get running on their system and then are not willing to look any farther when they decide to install Linux to their hard disk, and are not willing to listen to the warnings, particularly when they hear that there is a "KNOPPIX HD install".

It is sometimes said that Knoppix, once installed to disk, basically becomes "Debian". This is an unfortunate statement that I believe is often taken out of context. For people who have decided to install Knoppix anyway and have managed to get it working, then indeed Knoppix is sort of Debian since it is based on Debian, and you can turn to the Debian resources for answers to your questions (although the Debian forums are well aware of the Knoppix problems and usually will refuse to support a Knoppix on hard disk install). But it would be a disservice to users to suggest that when you use the "KNOPPIX HD install" script then you have what you would have if you had installed Debian.

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[[Category : FAQ Page]]
[[Category:Hard_drive_Installation]]

Category:Hard drive Installation

2016-05-03T08:49:33Z

WPSchulz:

The main strength of [http://www.knopper.net/knoppix/index-en.html Knoppix] is its ability to be run from memory as a [[LiveCD |Live Linux CD]]. To boot the CD/DVD Isolinux is used. The advantage to this is that you can take the CD/DVD with you. However, it is possible to install Knoppix on other mediums.

== Warning: Knoppix is a Live Linux DVD ==
Whichever installation method you'll select, don't forget: basis of each of these methods is the Live Linux DVD!

Knoppix is not a Linux distribution like for example Debian, openSUSE, Ubuntu or others.

'''Knoppix'''
* cannot be '''upgraded''' (if you try it, you'll get chaos)
* offers no updates or security updates
* has no user management
* has no password protection
* is not designed for installation of not Debian packages (compile programs)
* may cause difficulties while you try to install Debian packages
* requires experience with aptitude whenever you want to change something

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== Customizing Knoppix ==
* The simplest, which you can do in all versions, is using → [[Cheat_Codes|Cheat Codes]]. At the boot prompt, you can specify a number of parameters like language, keyboard, screen resolution, desktop environment. The cheat codes may differ between the releases; you find them on DVD in the file /KNOPPIX/'''knoppix-cheatcodes.txt'''.

* You can → [[#Flash_disk_Install|install Knoppix]] to a read/write media (like USB sticks, external hard disks or flash cards using "KNOPPIX Install KNOPPIX to flash disk". You may change the default boot parameters, so you don't have to enter them at every boot. For this reinsert the USB stick, open '/boot/syslinux/syslinux.cfg' and change the parameters in all '''APPEND''' lines as you need.

* The next step is using → [[#Persistent_memory|persistent memory]], which can be used to install programs and save configuration data and personal settings. During flash disk install Knoppix will ask you if you want to create persistent storage, and how big you want it. The size you specify must be an integer, and the integer signifies the number of megabytes of persistent storage.

* Another and most difficult option is to → [[Knoppix_Remastering_Howto|remaster Knoppix]] which means that you create a new compressed filesystem image instead of the default. You may write it to DVD, but you don't have to.

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== Flash disk install ==
Boot with Knoppix DVD and select "Knoppix => Install KNOPPIX to flash disk". There are two options to choose from:
* Installation on FAT32 with (optional) overlay file < 4GB
* Installation on FAT32 with additional overlay partition
In the first case you will get an installation of compressed filesysten Image and the persistent memory all within '/dev/sda1' (FAT32 formatted).

In the other case you will get an installation of compressed filesystem Image to '/dev/sda1' (FAT32 formatted) and the persistent memory in '/dev/sda2' (ReiserFS formatted).

Both these installations uses Syslinux to boot. At the end of the installation you will be asked to encrypted or not the persistent memory.
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== Poor man's install ==
In earlier days there have been many descriptions how to copy the compressed filesystem Image to hard drive, how to boot these installations and they have been called like '''poor man's install, PMI, poor man's install to HD, basic poor man's install ...'''

Nowadays you can do it as follows: Boot with the Knoppix DVD using the cheatcode
knoppix tohd=/dev/sda1 mkimage

Knoppix will create a folder called "KNOPPIX" in the partition you've chosen and you will be asked to create persistent memory (overlay file only). The used disk partition can be a Linux format such as EXT3 but can also be FAT32 or NTFS (pre Windows 8). If you failed to create overlay file you can make up it at next boot-time: edit the grub line and append for this session the chatcode "mkimage".

You'll find yourself at the end of the installation within Knoppix on '/dev/sda1' and not within Knoppix from DVD.

'''Important note:''' "/dev/sda1" is only as an example; use your own value!

If you want to boot this installation using GRUB legacy or GRUB2, do also as follows:
su
mount /media/sr0
cp /media/sr0/boot/isolinux/linux /media/sr0/boot/isolinux/linux64 \
/media/sr0/boot/isolinux/minirt.gz /mnt-system/KNOPPIX/

To boot this poor man's install you need again a Knoppix DVD or a boot-only Knoppix-CD with the same Kernel version; at boot prompt type:
knoppix fromhd=/dev/sda1

Otherwise if you are using GRUB legacy as bootloader, start your operating system - for example Knoppix HD install - and append within '/boot/grub/menu.lst'
title KNOPPIX 32 PMI
kernel (hd1,0)/KNOPPIX/linux fromhd=/dev/sdb1 lang=en (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd (hd1,0)/KNOPPIX/minirt.gz

title KNOPPIX 64 PMI
kernel (hd1,0)/KNOPPIX/linux64 fromhd=/dev/sdb1 lang=en(.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd (hd1,0)/KNOPPIX/minirt.gz

title KNOPPIX Adriane PMI
kernel (hd1,0)/KNOPPIX/linux fromhd=/dev/sdb1 adriane lang=en (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd (hd1,0)/KNOPPIX/minirt.gz

'''Important note:''' In this example Knoppix has been installed to 2nd device in the 1st partition of it (hd1,0). "(hd0,0)" means 1st device and 1st partition with GRUB legacy.

If you are using GRUB2 as bootloader, start your operating system - for example Debian - and append within '/etc/grub.d/40_custom'
menuentry "Knoppix 32 PMI" {
set root='(hd1,1)'
linux /KNOPPIX/linux lang=en (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd /KNOPPIX/minirt.gz
}

menuentry "Knoppix 64 PMI" {
set root='(hd1,1)'
linux /KNOPPIX/linux64 lang=en (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd /KNOPPIX/minirt.gz
}

menuentry "Knoppix Adriane PMI" {
set root='(hd1,1)'
linux /KNOPPIX/linux adriane lang=en (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd /KNOPPIX/minirt.gz
}

Don't forget "update-grub"!

'''Important note:''' In this example Knoppix has been installed to 2nd device in the 1st partition of it (hd1,1). "(hd0,1)" means 1st device and 1st partition with GRUB 2.

Instead of (.. other boot-parameter ..) use the parameters as you need or as you can see in the "APPEND"-lines of '/mnt-system/boot/isolinux/isolinux.cfg' from Knoppix DVD - but '''without''' the parameter "initrd=minirt.gz".

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== HD install ==
Boot with Knoppix DVD and select "Knoppix => KNOPPIX HD install" in a free partiton you chose. You will get a Debian-style installation in your partiton (ReiserFS formatted) and the option to use GRUB legacy as bootmanager.

'''Important note:''' Read "Help" of the installation tool first!

If you decide to do a HD installation of Knoppix, please read → [[HD Install Warning not to do it]] first.

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== ISO install to HD ==
Download the Knoppix ISO to a harddrive (in my example to the 1st partition of an external harddrive to the folder '/ISO/') and rename the Knoppix ISO (insert the real name of the used Knoppix ISO instead of "KNOPPIX.....DE.iso")
mv -f /media/sdb1/ISO/KNOPPIX.....DE.iso /media/sdb1/ISO/KNX.iso

To boot this ISO installation to HD you need again a Knoppix DVD or a boot-only Knoppix-CD with the same Kernel version; at boot prompt type:
knoppix bootfrom=/dev/sdb1/ISO/KNX.iso

Otherwise if you are using GRUB2 as bootloader, start your operating system - for example Debian - and append within '/etc/grub.d/40_custom'
menuentry "Knoppix ISO" {
loopback loop (hd1,1)/ISO/KNX.iso
linux (loop)/boot/isolinux/linux bootfrom=/dev/sdb1/ISO/KNX.iso (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd (loop)/boot/isolinux/minirt.gz
}

menuentry "Knoppix 64 ISO" {
loopback loop (hd1,1)/ISO/KNX.iso
linux (loop)/boot/isolinux/linux64 bootfrom=/dev/sdb1/ISO/KNX.iso (.. other boot-parameter ..)
initrd (loop)/boot/isolinux/minirt.gz
}

Don't forget "update-grub"!

Instead of '''(.. other boot-parameter ..)''' use the parameters as you need or as you can see in the "APPEND"-lines of '/mnt-system/boot/isolinux/isolinux.cfg' from Knoppix DVD - but '''without''' the parameter "initrd=minirt.gz".

'''Important note:''' "/sdb1/ISO/" is only as an example; use your own value! Knoppix has been installed to 2nd device in the 1st partition (hd1,1). "(hd0,1)" means 1sr device and 1st partition with GRUB 2.

With '''ISO install to HD''' you cannot use Grub legacy.

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== Terminal Server install ==
moved to → [[Knoppix_Terminal_Server|Knoppix Terminal Server]]

== Persistent memory ==
This is one of the most useful features in Knoppix, and together with Unionfs, makes Knoppix very versatile indeed. The entire persistent memory (also called "overlay") can be saved, so that configuration changes, settings, user data, packages which have been downloaded and installed etc can all be saved and will be available at subsequent sessions.

With '''Flash disk Install''' and the option '''overlay file''', with '''Poor man's install''' or '''Terminal Server Install''' you'll get an image file '/KNOPPIX/knoppix-data.img' respectively '/KNOPPIX/knoppix-data.aes' in case of encryption. At the next boot, Knoppix will scan for any image file named knoppix-data.img or knoppix-data.aes. If you use "df -h" you can see the values of the persistent memory at the line "/dev/loop ... ".

With '''Flash disk Install''' and the option '''overlay partition''' you'll get persistent memory (encrypted or not) in a separate partition and without the limitation of maximum size of 4 GB. At the next boot, Knoppix will scan for the file '/mnt-system/KNOPPIX/knoppix-data.inf', which contains the line
2 KNOPPIX_DATA reiserfs
If you use "df -h" you can see the values of the persistent memory at the line "/dev/sd. ... KNOPPIX_DATA".

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== UNIONFS ==
One of the limitations of a Live CD/DVD is that it is read-only - in particular, '/usr' where most executable programs are kept. Many programs need to change and access components into standard locations like '/lib', '/usr/lib' or '/etc' which are read-only.

Unionfs is another important development introduced into Knoppix from Version 3.8 onwards. Unionfs is a virtual filesystem. It creates a writable system file area in RAM with all the system directories such as '/etc', '/usr' and so on. This is then seamlessly merged with the read-only systemfile image KNOPPIX on the CD. A description of unionfs can be found here: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnionFS UnionFS].

With Unionfs, it becomes possible to "write" to the system area. Knoppix DVD can then be treated almost like it is installed on a writable media. You can do install programs with apt-get, aptitude or synaptic, edit config files in '/etc' and so on. Of course, you may still download an incompatible package which upsets Knoppix's delicate balance and break Knoppix, just like in a hard disk install. But this is a Live CD/DVD! The problems go away at the next reboot.

But if you have for example a flash disk install with persistent memory, you'll get an union of overlay's writable system file area with the read-only systemfile image KNOPPIX. If you installed something which works well, you will not have to do it again and it is available at the next session.

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----

Return to '''[[Main Page]] of the Wiki'''.

Cheat Codes

2016-05-03T08:46:53Z

WPSchulz:

== Cheatcodes and hints ==
from Knoppix DVD
<pre> CHEATCODES AND HINTS FOR KNOPPIX V7.6
==============================================================================
(last update: 26.01.2016)

These options (can be combined) work from the boot prompt:

### General ###
adriane Start blind-friendly, talking desktop
debug Debug boot process step-by-step [→ Tip]
expert Interactive setup for experts [→ Tip]
knoppix Knoppix w/ 32bit Kernel
knoppix64 Knoppix w/ 64bit Kernel [→ Tip]
knoppix 2 Runlevel 2, Textmode only
knoppix init=/bin/bash Start bash as process 1 instead of init

### Language/Country ###
knoppix lang=ch|cn|de|da|es|fr|it specify language/keyboard [Hint: 1]
knoppix lang=nl|pl|ru|sk|tr|tw|us specify language/keyboard
knoppix keyboard=us xkeyboard=us Use different keyboard (text/X)
knoppix utc Use Universal Time [→ Tip]
knoppix tz=Europe/Berlin Use this timezone for TZ
(default: tz=localtime)

### Hardware/Workarounds ###
knoppix ide1=reset Try this if knoppix can't find the
CD/DVD drive on old computers [Hint: 4]
knoppix no{apic,lapic,acpi,apm} Skip parts of HW-detection (1)
knoppix no{hwsetup,udev,dhcp,fstab} Skip parts of HW-detection (2)
knoppix no{pcmcia,sound,swap} Skip parts of HW-detection (3)
knoppix nousb Skip parts of HW-detection (4)
knoppix nolapic Disable local APIC (differs from noapic)
knoppix noideraid Disable IDE-Raiddisk detection
knoppix pnpbios=off No PnP Bios initialization
knoppix acpi=off Disable ACPI Bios completely
knoppix acpi=noirq Disable ACPI IRC routing only
knoppix acpi=force FORCE ACPI Bios initialization
knoppix noacpid Do not start ACPI even daemon
failsafe Boot with (almost) no HW-detection
knoppix pci=irqmask=0x0e98 Try this, if PS/2 mouse doesn't work [Hint: 2]
knoppix pci=bios Workaround for bad PCI controllers
knoppix ide2=0x180 nopcmcia Boot from PCMCIA-CD-Rom (some notebooks)
knoppix mem=512M Specify Memory size in MByte [Hint: 7]
knoppix wheelmouse Enable IMPS/2 protocol for wheelmice
knoppix nowheelmouse Force plain PS/2 protocol for PS/2-mouse

### Desktop ###
knoppix desktop=kde|gnome|icewm Use specified WM instead of LXDE (1)
knoppix desktop=fluxbox|openbox Use specified WM instead of LXDE (2)
knoppix desktop=larswm|evilwm|twm Use specified WM instead of LXDE (3)
knoppix no3d Don't use compiz 3d fuctions
knoppix 3d Try compiz even on slow cards w/o dri

### Graphics ###
knoppix screen=1280x1024 Use specified Screen resolution for X
knoppix hsync=95 Use 95 kHz horizontal X refresh rate
knoppix vsync=60 Use 60 Hz vertical refresh rate for X
knoppix xmodule=fbdev|vesa|svga Use specified Xorg-Module (1)
knoppix xmodule=nouveau|radeon Use specified Xorg-Module (2)
knoppix xmodule=intel|vmware|s3 Use specified Xorg-Module (3)
knoppix norandr Disable Xorg RandR feature (may be
useful if wrong resolution was detected)
knoppix noddc Don't query monitor for resoution
knoppix nocomposite Don't use Xorg Composite extension
knoppix vga=normal No-framebuffer mode, but X
knoppix nodrm Don't load graphics acceleration modules
knoppix nofb Don't load framebuffer modules
knoppix nomodeset Don't use Kernel Mode Settings for X
fb1280x1024 Use fixed framebuffer graphics (1)
fb1024x768 Use fixed framebuffer graphics (2)
fb800x600 Use fixed framebuffer graphics (3)
fb640x480 Use fixed framebuffer graphics (4)

### Configuration / Persistent image ###
knoppix nonetworkmanager Don't start network manager
knoppix toram Copy to RAM and run from there [→ Tip]
knoppix tohd=/dev/sda1 Copy to Harddisk and run from there
knoppix fromhd=/dev/sda1 Boot from previously copied CD-Image
knoppix bootfrom=/dev/sda1/KNX.iso Access image, boot from ISO-Image [→ Tip]
knoppix knoppix_dir=KNOPPIX Directory to search for on the CD.
knoppix knoppix_name=KNOPPIX Cloop-File to search for on the CD.
knoppix noswap Don't use existing swap partitions
knoppix nozram Don't use zram compressed swap-in-ram
knoppix forensic Don't use swap and mount read-only [Hint: 6]
knoppix secure Disable root access
knoppix mkimage Create persistent image as needed [→ Tip]
knoppix noimage Ignore persistent image or partition

### Knoppix Terminalserver/Client ###
knoppix nfsdir=hostip:path Use nfsdir as /mnt-system for TS client
knoppix hostname=name Set TS client hostname
knoppix hostname=auto-mac Set TS client hostname from MAC address
knoppix hostname=auto-clock Set TS client hostname from clock

### Various ###
knoppix noeject Do NOT eject CD after halt
knoppix noprompt Do NOT prompt to remove the CD
knoppix testcd|testdvd Check live medium for defects [→ Tip]
knoppix splash Use splash.ppm in initrd as boot pic
knoppix trace create an open() trace in /open.trace

==============================================================================
Hint:
(1) Using the default DE-bootimage, SYSLINUX boots with german
keyboard layout. The '=' letter is located at Shift-0 on this keyboard
(just in case you want to change keyboard and language with lang=us). If
you need to change the keyboard layout later in X, and can't find a
convenient tool in the preferences, use "setxkbmap 'ca(multi)'" in order
to set up a new (multi-language canadian, in this example) keyboard
layout

(2) Try "knoppix pci=irqmask=0x0e98" if (you have an old notebook and)
your PS/2 mouse doesn't work, Possibly caused by a BIOS-flaw on your
board, BIOS updates can sometimes help.

(3) If your KNOPPIX CD produces strange noises during boot, or you see
frequent errors like "cloop: read error", or programs on your desktop
are crashing randomly, then your CD image is probably defective or
incomplete, or your CD-burner created a defective CD due to wrong
writing speed or bad media. This is actually the most common error
reported. Please boot with "knoppix testcd" to check if the CD or DVD is
OK. Installing and starting Knoppix from flash disk is recommended and
much faster than running from CD or DVD.
(Read also "More explanations" → testdvd)

(4) In case of a failing hardware autodetection, try booting with any of
the "no-" options as shown in the table above, like in
knoppix nodrm nomodeset no3d noaudio noapm noapic nolapic
acpi=off pci=bios pnpbios=off nodma nopcmcia noscsi nousb ...
to skip some critical parts of the autodetection system.

(5)(6) The "noswap" and/or "forensic" boot option is useful for a
forensic analysis without touching existing swap partitions.

(7) Some Boards apparently don't pass the proper memory size to the
linux-kernel. It may cause the message "Panic: cannot mount root file
system" and the system hangs. Use "knoppix mem=512M" to solve that
problem if your system has 512MByte memory for example (caution:
you MUST use a capital "M" here).

When installing to read/write media, such as flash disks (using
flash-knoppix), you can add a swap file in order to replace missing
physical RAM by persistent storage space. You can create this swap
file like this from the running system:
dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt-system/KNOPPIX/knoppix.swp
mkswap /mnt-system/KNOPPIX/knoppix.swp
swapon /mnt-system/KNOPPIX/knoppix.swp
Please be aware that swapping on flash media can be painfully slow, and
is no perfect replacement for real RAM. The zram ram-compression feature
(available from Knoppix 7.0.1) can extend the usable ram range to a
certain degree.

---

If you need additional modules for starting controllers needed at boot
time, just copy the corresponding *.ko files from /lib/modules/* over to
/modules in the initial ramdisk (remaster needed).

If you place an update*.zip or update*tar.gz file on the medium holding
the KNOPPIX data, it will be unpacked onto the overlayed filesystem
before starting "init", thus allowing quick reconfiguration of the
system.

The file "knoppix.sh", if residing in the main KNOPPIX directory, will
be execuded after autoconfiguration and before starting the graphical
desktop. It can be used in order to start additional services.

If you wish to remaster the CD, please don't forget to specify
-no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table \
-b boot/isolinux/isolinux.bin -c boot/isolinux/boot.cat
as option to mkisofs. Otherwise your CD or DVD won't be bootable. The
directory KNOPPIX, containig the compressed filesystem file "KNOPPIX",
must be located in the top level directory of the CD.

Caution: X-Screensaver: Don't start xlock or any screensaver that
requires a password. There are no default passwords on KNOPPIX,
i.e. all accounts are LOCKED unless you explicitly set a password.
See also "SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS FOR KNOPPIX" (README_Security.txt)
about this issue.
If you accidentially hit the screensaver button in KDE,
switch to one of the textconsoles by Control-Alt-F1 and kill
the screensaver (or just set a password for the knoppix user).

If you would like to edit your X-Server configuration manually
(config file /etc/X11/xorg.conf), use "knoppix 2" to boot
into runlevel 2 (textmode only) and, after changing the X
configuration, start the X environment with "init 5". Note that
you can always leave the graphical environment with "init 2", and
restart it later with "init 5".
</pre>

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== Tips ==
Cheatcodes are used to pass options to KNOPPIX to help with getting it working on difficult hardware. In the initial boot phase you'll see the Knoppix emblem with the little penguin and the '''commandline at the bottom of the screen'''. Type your cheatcodes after "boot: " in the commandline and press [Enter]. With [F2] and/or [F3] you can see some of the most usefull cheatcodes.

The format is "kernel option option option ...". Usually "'''knoppix'''" is the right selection for the "kernel". You can type more than one cheatcode before pressing enter. Also note that some options can take on values. Example:

boot: knoppix mem=512 tz=America/Toronto

;memtest : To run memtest86 instead of Knoppix only type this cheatcodes after "boot: " in the commandline and press [Enter]. With memtest86 you can determine if your memory is good (and if you have as much memory as you think you have). Press [Esc] after some hours to finish the test or when you see the first error messages.

;testdvd : Using this cheatcode Knoppix calculates the sha1sum of the most important files of the ISO and compares it with the values in the file „sha1sums”. If you cannot boot with the Knoppix CD/DVD and therefore you cannot use this cheatcode, then mount the CD/DVD within your OS and use
md5sum /dev/sr0
:Compare the value you get with the content of the KNOPPIX_V...iso.md5 file.

;noapic nolapic ... : Skip parts of Hardware-detection, In case of a failing hardware autodetection, try booting with any of the "no-" options as shown in the table above, like in
boot: knoppix noagp noapm noapic nodma nopcmcia noscsi nousb
:to skip some critical parts of the autodetection system.

;noswap : This option is useful for a forensic analysis without touching existing swap partitions.

;tohd : You can do a → [[:Category: Hard_drive_Installation#Poor_man.27s_install | Poor man's install]] on vfat and ext-Partitions.

;fromhd : With this cheatcode the CD-Roms are ignored, so you can finally boot your "Poor man's install".

;toram : Knoppix will load the contents of the CD/DVD into RAM and run from there. After boot up, the CD/DVD can be removed and the DVD drive will be available for other uses.

: Note: Because this will take up a lot of RAM, it is recommended for those with at least 8 GB of RAM (2 GB for CD version). Cheatcode "toram" and "fromhd" work now together.

: Just remember to use "knoppix64 toram" for the DVD version, if you want to copy the entire 4.1 GB into your ramdisk, since the "knoppix" keyword would be the 32bit kernel, which can't handle memory addressing larger than 4GB.

;bootfrom : Access Image then boot from previously copied CD/DVD-Image (enables booting from NTFS / ReiserFS). After boot up, the CD/DVD can be removed.

: Note: "bootfrom" needs access to a running Knoppix-System with the same Kernel as the Bootkernel, before it is able to mount the 'partition/ISO-Image'. This should allow a → [[:Category: Hard_drive_Installation#Poor_man.27s_install |Poor man's install]] from NTFS-partitions and makes it also possible to boot an ISO-Image directly; so you can test remastered Knoppix iso files before committing to a burn.

;debug : Pauses at various stages in the boot process. → [[#Kernel_panic|Kernel panic]]

;knoppix64 : With DVD version 7.4.0 and upward the bootloader will start the 64bit kernel automatically if a 64bit-capable CPU is detected (if not manually specified otherwise).

;utc : You can only use UTC, if BIOS clock is set to UTC. Within '/etc/adjtime' you'll find the entry "LOCAL" instead of "UTC". Exchange this value if you want to use UTC and reboot. Knoppix uses the value of '/etc/timezone' for system (panel) clock. Perhaps you have to change the value for '/etc/timezone'; if so, have a look at '/usr/share/zoneinfo' for possible values.
: You can check the proper settings with

timedatectl status

;mkimage : If Knoppix isn't started in forensic mode and if no persistent image or partition is found, then Knoppix DVD version 7.4.1 and upward only offers the option to create persistent image (ext2-formatted file, not partition) by this new cheatcode.

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== Micro-Remastering ==
Boot options like "adriane" can easily be preset by changing '/mnt-system/boot/syslinux/'''syslinux.cfg'''' after having copied the CD to a bootable memorystick using "Knoppix => Install KNOPPIX to flash disk": Change the upper line
DEFAULT knoppix
to:
DEFAULT adriane
for automatically starting ADRIANE on boot. This is already default in all ADRIANE iso files.

To change '''other boot options''' look within the file 'syslinux.cfg' for the LABEL line of the way you always start with Knoppix. If you for example always use "knoppix" (and not "knoppix64") then look for "LABEL knoppix". Don't change the following KERNEL line but insert additional or change existent cheatcodes within the APPEND line. An example:

LABEL knoppix
KERNEL linux
APPEND ramdisk_size=100000 lang=en keyboard=es xkeyboard=es apm=power-off ...
: Note: If you are using Knoppix 64 bit, you have also to change the settings within '/mnt-system/boot/syslinux/'''syslnx32.cfg'''' and '/mnt-system/boot/syslinux/'''syslnx64.cfg''''

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== Download Knoppix ==
moved to → [[Downloading_FAQ#How_do_I_get_the_current_DVD.3F|How do I get the current DVD?]]

== Check the ISO ==
moved to → [[Downloading_FAQ#What_are_these_md5_files.3F|What are these md5 files?]]

== Exclude forgery ==
moved to → [[Downloading_FAQ#What_are_these_asc_files.3F|What are these asc files?]]

== Use CD/DVD without burning it ==
Have a look →[[Knoppix_Remastering_Howto#Test_CD_Image_Without_Burning_a_CD|Test without burning a CD]]

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== Cannot boot ==
=== The burned DVD will not boot ===

* You possibly only got a partial download or the download was corrupt. If you checked the → [[Downloading_FAQ#What_are_these_md5_files.3F|md5 file]] and know that you have a good download of the ISO, then be sure that you burn the CD at a slow speed, either 4x or as slow as your burner will let you go.

* Problems are often seen booting with discs that have been burnt at a high speed. You my try the cheatcode → [[#testdvd|knoppix testdvd]] to check the DVD for defects. If you get an error message, then the ISO image is defective and the CDR burn of Knoppix is also defective.

* If the ISO is good but Knoppix doesn't seem to be able to boot on your hardware, you may need to use one or more → [[#noapic|cheatcodes]] to help Knoppix if it can't determine your hardware configuration on its own.

=== Memory problems ===

It's worth mentioning that you just might have a memory problem. The Knoppix disc includes the bootable memory test → [[#memtest|memtest86]]. If you can't even boot into memtest86 then something is very wrong with the disc that you made or with your system.

=== Kernel panic ===

If you are unable to boot Knoppix (i.e. the screen goes blank, you see a kernel panic message, the screen flickers, you are dropped into a minimal shell, Knoppix simply freezes while booting, etc.), try these boot commands in order:
* '''boot: knoppix vga=0'''
* '''boot: knoppix acpi=off pnpbios=off noapic noapm'''
* '''boot: knoppix vga=0 debug'''
Using the cheatcode 'debug' will cause Knoppix to wait at various stages in the boot process. Just type '''exit''' after each shell prompt "... job control turned off".
* '''boot: failsafe debug'''
That will do the same as the previous boot command, except turn off most of the hardware detection.

If you still have issues, please post in the [http://knoppix.net/forum/forums/13-Hardware-Booting Hardware & Booting] forum, tell us which of the above boot commands you've tried, and how far in the boot process you were able to go.

=== Troubleshooting ===

Most of the boot options are parsed by different programs and scripts during the booting process, roughly in this order:

* the isolinux bootloader
* the linux kernel
* "init", which can be found in /mnt-system/boot/isolinux/minirt.gz -> init
* /etc/init.d/knoppix-autoconfig
* /etc/init.d/knoppix-startx
* /etc/X11/Xsession.d/45knoppix
* /etc/init.d/knoppix-halt

For more information on passing boot parameters to the kernel, see 'man boot' and 'man bootparam'.

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== Security considerations ==
from Knoppix CD/DVD
<pre>
SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS FOR KNOPPIX
====================================

1.) There is no automatic start of external accessible services.

2.) There are no default passwords. All accounts are locked by default.
Even local logins are not possible (unless you set a password or create
new user accounts as root).

3.) Therefore, all local interactive processes are started by init without
authorization.

The graphical desktop is started with the unprivileged user id
"knoppix". Programs that only work for root are started using sudo
without password. This has the advantage of making faults caused by
defective software very unlikely, but does not enhance local
security, since it is fairly easy to switch between the "knoppix"
and "root" account. The knoppix user should never be allowed for
external logins (in the case that sshd or similar servers are being
launched).

4.) You can create valid passwords using "sudo passwd [username]" from the
Shell, individually.
</pre>

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----

Return to '''[[Main Page]] of the Wiki'''.

Bittorrent

2016-05-03T08:45:14Z

WPSchulz:

== What is Bittorent? ==
Bittorrent is a swarming downloading method which allows for large files to be distributed far quicker and more bandwidth efficiently than simply many users downloading from one server. When you use a torrent to download a file, you are also contributing to the files distribution. And you are able to download from many soures providing the file download, not just one mirror.

BitTorrent also allows for resuming a download, so if you have to stop downloading for any reason you can restart your client later and it will pick up where it left off and complete your download for you while it continues to seed what you aleady have.

As you receive sections of the file (which are individually verified) you will also start to send those sections of the file to other users who need them, similarly you will be receving the file from numerous other users. The more people who are attempting to download a file, the quicker it will spread. You can even shut the client down and restart it later (such as when you go to bed) and it will still seed the files that you have downloaded.

== Knoppix ==
What does all of this have to do with Knoppix? Well Knoppix is large download (almost 4GB for the DVD version) and can have extremely large numbers of people looking to download it in a short space of time (when a major new version is released). Due to the load this places on the server hosting the download, Knoppix can be slow to get around onto the network of mirrors.

You will often see mention of people having problems with Knoppix where ultimately it comes down to a broken download. If you don't have the bandwidth to not care about having to redownload a copy of Knoppix if something goes funny, then Bittorrent is the answer. If Bittorrent is happy, you can be sure the file you have is identical to the original. For modem users who may have to reconnect many times to finish the download, this is a godsend (one crash could destroy the past 30 hours downloading by http/ftp, but bittorrent will fix the download without having to duplicate any significant amount of downloading).

Knoppix will be released via Bittorrent at http://torrent.unix-ag.uni-kl.de/

From there you may download the short .torrent-file for the wanted Knoppix version. After this open the .torrent-file with a Torrent client and start the download of the ISO. Per default "Transmission" is used as Torrent client within Knoppix. But you can also use "Bittornado Client" (bittornado-gui), "BitTorrent Download Client" (bittorrent-gui) or "KTorrent".

== Router ==
Now for the downside, in certain circumstances you just won't be able to use Bittorrent. If you are behind a router you do not control you will either not be able to use Bittorrent at all or your download speeds will be appalling (for example, downloading at the office). If you can control the router, then you should be able to open Bittorrent traffic to your computer and get maximimum download speeds.

Make sure that you have the ports 6881-6899 forwarded to your BitTorrent system in your router. Most current routers will recognize activity on a "trigger port" and automatically forward a range of ports to which ever local IP address they see activity of the trigger port coming from. This can be a handy way to forward ports to the computer that you use for BitTorrent. You can configure a router so that BitTorrent can be used on more than one system at the same time, but this involves more detailed port settings and is not useful for most home users. Also be sure that any software firewall passes this port range for BitTorrent.

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[[Category : FAQ Page]]

Downloading FAQ

2016-05-03T08:43:48Z

WPSchulz:

=== Which version should I download? ===
The newest official versions should always be on the official BitTorrent Tracker, so get the most current status of version information there. They usually show up shortly after on most of the mirrors also, but some mirrors may take a week or more to update.

Official versions of Knoppix will have both a version number and a release date in their name. Some versions of Knoppix had several releases with different dates for minor bug fixes but did not change the version number, so checking the release date may be important.

Most of you needs the "KNOPPIX" and not "ADRIANE-KNOPPIX" version. "ADRIANE-KNOPPIX" is a special version for blind people.

The file names (before the ISO extension) will end in either DE or EN. The DE version will by default boot into German. The EN version will default to booting into English.

Most mirrors also contain some older version of Knoppix. There is currently no known website that offers all old released versions of Knoppix.

=== How do I get the current DVD? ===
* [http://torrent.unix-ag.uni-kl.de/ Download KNOPPIX via BitTorrent]. You can use the tool Transmission for this with its default settings. Start this tool and open the .torrent-file with it. You get a set of all related files also the md5 file automatically in one download. → [[Bittorrent|BitTorrent]] has its own checks and the md5 is only a second recheck of a good download.

* [http://www.knopper.net/knoppix-mirrors/ Download KNOPPIX from Mirrors]. Try to choose the mirror nearest you for best results. When downloading from a mirror, then also download the accompanying MD5 file too.

=== What are these md5 files? ===
These files contains checksums for the actual DVD. A checksum is a way of fingerprinting files. Just like a real fingerprint identifies a single person, a checksum is unique and matches exactly one file. It is used to verify that the file downloaded matches the original all the way down to the smallest details.

Many file corruption problems have been observed when downloading from the mirrors. It is very important to check the md5 checksum if you use a '''mirror'''. If you've downloaded your Knoppix using the '''Torrents''', you don't need to test integrity with md5sum. This will be done automatically by your Torrent client.

This discussion is about a separate md5 file that you can download from the mirror or that comes down as an individual file in the package of files that you get when you download with BitTorrent. The .md5 file is a plain-text file and can be viewed in a text editor or web browser.

Change to the download directory, where your KNOPPIX_V...EN.iso download is and the download of the KNOPPIX_V...EN.iso.md5 file. After this use
md5sum -c KNOPPIX_V...EN.iso.md5

Attention: Instead of '''KNOPPIX_V...EN.iso.md5''' use the real name.

* '''When downloading and running under Windows''', you can check the md5 checksum with [https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn520872.aspx Get-FileHash].

Checking the sha1 hash works the same as above.
sha1sum -c KNOPPIX_V...EN.iso.sha1
uses the .sha1 hash file that you can downloaded with the .iso image file.

=== What are these asc files? ===
If there is ever an uncertainty as whether or not the ISO image file and its accompanying MD5 file are originals & untampered, then the .asc files are important. The .asc files are digital signature messages.

Look for the public key of Klaus Knopper:
gpg --keyserver pool.sks-keyservers.net --search-keys "Klaus Knopper"
You'll get the message:
<pre>gpg --keyserver pool.sks-keyservers.net --search-keys "Klaus Knopper"
gpg: searching for "Klaus Knopper" from hkp server pool.sks-keyservers.net
(1) Klaus Knopper <knopper@linuxtag.de>
Klaus Knopper <knopper@linuxtag.org>
1024 bit RSA key BA8F038D, created: 2000-05-09
(2) Klaus Knopper <info@knopper.net>
Klaus Knopper <knopper@knopper.net>
Klaus Knopper <knoppix@knopper.net>
1024 bit DSA key 57E37087, created: 2000-05-06
(3) Klaus Knopper <knopper@unix-ag.uni-kl.de>
1024 bit RSA key D3892431, created: 1996-02-11
Keys 1-3 of 3 for "Klaus Knopper". Enter number(s), N)ext, or Q)uit > 2
gpg: requesting key 57E37087 from hkp server pool.sks-keyservers.net
gpg: DBG: armor-keys-failed (KEY 0x0E573DA0F13969EF1DD5ACAA3798E3D757E37087 BEGIN
) ->0
gpg: DBG: armor-keys-failed (KEY 0x0E573DA0F13969EF1DD5ACAA3798E3D757E37087 END
) ->0
gpg: key 57E37087: "Klaus Knopper <knopper@knopper.net>" not changed
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg: unchanged: 1</pre>
Klaus Knopper has signed the "...md5" file with his secret key; we can verify this:
gpg --verify KNOPPIX_V7.6.1DVD-2016-01-16-DE.iso.md5.asc
and get:
<pre>gpg: Signature made Sun Jan 24 19:41:31 2016 CET using DSA key ID 57E37087
gpg: Good signature from "Klaus Knopper <knopper@knopper.net>"
gpg: aka "Klaus Knopper <info@knopper.net>"
gpg: aka "Klaus Knopper <knoppix@knopper.net>"
gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature!
gpg: There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner.
Primary key fingerprint: 0E57 3DA0 F139 69EF 1DD5 ACAA 3798 E3D7 57E3 7087
gpg: WARNING: not a detached signature; file 'KNOPPIX_V7.6.1DVD-2016-01-16-DE.iso.md5' was NOT verified!</pre>
When in doubt we have to ask Prof. Knopper for his fingerprint telephonic or by letter.

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Return to '''[[Main Page]] of the Wiki'''
[[Category : FAQ Page]]

Deutsch General FAQ

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General FAQ

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Bugs/6.4.4DVD

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Bugs/3.4-2004-05-10

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Requests for Enhancements

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