Kernel

2005-02-03T03:47:25Z

Naoliv: Deleted some junk

== Kernel Version Numbering ==

All Linux kernel version numbers contain three numbers separated by periods (dots). The first number is the kernel version. We are now on the third kernel version, 2. Some of you may be running a version 1 kernel, and I am aware of at least one running version 0 kernel.

The second number is the kernel major number. Major numbers which are '''even''' numbers (0 is considered an even number) are said to be '''stable'''. That is, these kernels should not have any crippling bugs, as they have been fairly heavily tested. While some contain small bugs, they can usually be upgraded for hardware compatibility or to armor the kernel against system crackers. For example, kernel 2.0.30, shunned by some in favor of 2.0.29 because of reported bugs, contains several patches including one to protect against SYN denial of service attacks. The kernels with odd major numbers are developmental kernels. These have not been tested and often as not will break any software packages you may be running. Occasionally, one works well enough that it will be adopted by users needing the latest and greatest support before the next stable release. This is the exception rather than the rule, and it requires substantial changes to a system.

The last number is the minor number and is increased by one for each release. If you see kernel version 2.0.8, you know it's a kernel 2.0, stable kernel, and it is the ninth release (we begin counting with 0).

See

* [[Last Kernel]]
* http://wiki.debian.net/index.cgi?Kernel

Using FAQ

2005-02-03T03:47:20Z

Naoliv: Deleted some junk

-German Version: [[Deutsch Using Faq]]

-Versión española: [[Usando Faq]]
----

== Q: Knoppix 3.2: Errormessage during booting, when HOME-Directory is saved on HD? ==
I've saved the date on a FAT-32Partition, as an image and without password. I can't format the partition in a LINUX-Format, since it's used by other data. When I boot KNOPPIX with "knoppix myconfig=... home=....", a short time later the message appears, that s.th. is not found and I'm asked for a password with at least 20 signs length (but such a password does not exist). It's no difference whether I type "home=scan" or s.th. like "home=/dev/hda5". Never the less it seems to work fine, when I ignore the password request and negate the further enquiry with "n" for "no". When I leave out "home=..." Knoppix has forgotton -as expected- the Home-Directory. The behavior is some how unbeautiful. Does anyone know how to avoid the request of that password?

A: I encountered this problem when I placed both the config files and the persistent home on the same partition.If you do not have separate partitons then the config can be located on a floppy( I have not tried this.)

==Q: What is the root password?==

A: There is none; all passwords are locked by default. You can set it by going Knoppix Menu->Root Shell and typing "passwd", then enterting a root password, also there are several sections you can read dealing with this subject in KNOPPIX/README_Security.txt.
You can also type "sudo su" or "sudo -s" in any console window, or use <ctr>-<alt>-F2 to get at the text console with already opened root shell.

Apparently, however, in some versions of Knoppix, if you type 'sudo -s', it will ask for a password. If you simply press return without entering anything, it will tell you 'Authentication Failed."

==Q: How can I write data on [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS NTFS] partitions?==

A: Don't even think of it unless you have version 3.4 or later. Even then, make sure that you run the 2.6 or later kernel, and install the NTFS drivers using the Captive NTFS script of the Knoppix submenu. With earlier versions, you can read NTFS, but writing will cause data loss.

==Q: I want to copy files to a windows box over the network==

A: both directions are possible. Either start SAMBA or mount the remote share.
* "sudo /etc/init.d/samba start", add users with "smbpasswd -a knoppix". After this, the home directory of user knoppix will be shared as readonly. If you need other shares, edit /etc/samba/smb.conf and restart samba (replace "start" with "restart").
* "mkdir tmp/share; sudo mount -t smbfs -o username=Administrator //otherbox/share /tmp/share" (maybe start samba too to get rid of the warnings, especialy when using "nmblookup")
Or you can obtain a lissetup.sh ("wget <nowiki>http://users.volja.net/zejnovi/lissetup.sh</nowiki>" in console). After doing that, in console, type: "chmod +x lissetup.sh", and then "./lissetup.sh". After doing this, you can use the LAN browser in Konqueror.

==Q: How can I watch a DVD?==

A: First of all, you have to have Knoppix installed on your hard drive. You won't be able to execute the following proceedure if you are running it from the CD.

*Add the following lines to your /etc/apt/sources.list:

deb <nowiki>http://www.videolan.org/pub/videolan/debian</nowiki> $(ARCH)/
deb-src <nowiki>http://www.videolan.org/pub/videolan/debian</nowiki> sources/

*Then do:

apt-get update
apt-get install libdvdcss2

* Play the DVD (e.g. with Xine, Ogle, Videolan, Mplayer etc).
* If your DVD plays but skips and jumps while playing the dvd, then you probably need to enable dma for the drive.
* To see if dma is enabled, log in as root and type: "/sbin/hdparm -d <device name>" For example: "/sbin/hdparm -d /dev/hdc"
* To enable dma type: "/sbin/hdparm -d 1 /dev/hdc"
*If you want dma to be enabled automatically then simply add the line "/sbin/hdparm -d 1 /dev/hdc" to any startup script (/etc/init.d/bootmisc.sh for example).
*Enjoy watching DVD's in Linux :-)

==Q: I've installed Knoppix 3.1 EN 1/20/03 to my hdd and default language and keyboard setting is German. How do I change to US EN? I've changed kde by fumbling through what I remembered of KDE Control Center; but keyboard is still in German with some of the keys in different places.==

A: Right click on the German flag in the system tray of the taskbar and choose configure from the menu and set the keyboard to the layout you want to use.

You can use too KMenu > Settings > Control Panel > Regional & Accessibility > Country/ Region & Language > Locale > Country: "C - Default", Keyboard: English: US

That does it for KDE, for the rest of the system type dpkg-reconfigure locales

and choose one of the en_US options. ISO-8859-15 is nice
(it includes the euro), although there is nothing wrong
with ISO-8859-1.

==Q: I've set the default language and keyboard in KDE, but some pages in Mozilla still come up in German instead of English? How do I fix this?==

A: In Mozilla, under Edit >> Preferences... and check on Language. On the right-hand side of the page you'll see that German is preferred over English in multi-lingual pages. Move English up and it will be the preferred language.

==Q: I think about using Knoppix to make Partition-Images with [http://www.partimage.org partimage] - Did anybody try this out? Thanks in advance! -- http://linuxwiki.de/Brüßler==

A: Yes, it works. -- [http://linuxwiki.de/PartImage LinuxWiki PartImage (in German)]

==Q: How do I save my preferences (language, UI...) at the end of my session, when booting from CD? How do I restore them?==

Go to the K-menu > KNOPPIX > Configuration and choose "save config", you can save to floppy or to an already existing partition on the harddrive. (on a windows partition is fine)

To restore it, at the "boot:" prompt type in "knoppix myconfig=scan", and it should find and restore your saved settings at boot time.

==Q: After Installed knoopix in HD with lang=es, if I remove all the user configuration files in the /home/knoppix directory, the keys "< >" of my spanish keyboard are no longer recognized in the new kde session. What is the configuration file resposible of this behaviour?==

A: Check the small flag in the bottom right corner of the screen, and you have to boot up with lang=es as a kernel parameter for it to work. (check /etc/lilo.conf)

==Q:From where does KNOPPIX start all the scripts at the bootprocess?==

A:The init scripts are located in /etc/init.d and are [[symlink]]ed to
in the /etc/rcX.d directorys in a sysV like fashion.

==Q: Where can I find where all the boot-time parameters are interpreted???==

A:You can see them in /etc/init.d/knoppix-autoconfig script

==Q: How do I use an USB memory stick to save myconfiguration?==

A: First boot KNOPPIX with the [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/keydrive memory stick] inserted. Got to the KNOPPIX menu, Configuration, Save Configuration. When asked, choose /dev/sda1. When booting type '''knoppix myconf=scan home=scan''' at the boot prompt.

==Q: After using KNOPPIX, my Dell computer does not start!==

A: This is an issue with the Dell BIOS. Simply pull out the power cord from your computer for a few seconds, and your computer should start again. You can also try passing "apm=off" or "apm=real-mode-poweroff" to the kernel during startup. apm=real-mode-poweroff is better because it keeps other apm-features (advanced power managment) turned on.

==Q: How can I see a film with subtitles that of course I have, I think Xine is useful but I can't do it?==

A: in a console "xine name_movie.ext#subtitle:name_subtitle.ext" you have to replace .ext with the real extension

==Q: Which program do I use for word processing, spreadcheat calculations, image processing, burning, scanning, surfing, chatting...==

A: Take a look at the [http://www.eleli.de/knoppix/docs/tutorial/english Knoppix Tutorial.]

See also : * [http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2003/11/20/knoppix.html?page=2 Using and Customizing Knoppix]

Root

2005-02-03T03:40:17Z

Naoliv: Deleted some junk

==== Q: What is the root password? ====

A:

'''Live CD:

From the [[Using FAQ]] : there is none; in Knoppix LiveCD all passwords are locked by default.

You can set root password by going Knoppix Menu->Root Shell and typing "'''passwd'''", then enterting a root password, also there are several sections you can read dealing with this subject in KNOPPIX/README_Security.txt. You can also type "'''sudo su'''" or "'''sudo -s'''" in any console window, or use <ctr>-<alt>-F2 to get at the text console with already opened root shell.

Apparently, however, in some versions of Knoppix, if you type 'sudo -s', it will ask for a password. If you simply press return without entering anything, it will tell you 'Authentication Failed."

'''Hard disk installation:

Open a console window (monitor icon on taskbar) and use the command su then enter the root password.

If you added a user but are unable to 'su' or 'sudo' once logged in as a user, you may not have set a 'root' password during the install process. Reboot with the KNOPPIX disc, mount the harddrive partition that contains your freshly installed KNOPPIX files:
*For me it was
**'''mount /dev/hda1
*Change root to harddisk:
**'''chroot /mnt/hda1
*Then edit the sudoers file (not 'vi /etc/sudoers' because that's the OS in RAM)
**'''visudo
*For an easier editor use:
**'''EDITOR=mcedit visudo
*Then change the line:
KNOPPIX ALL=NOPASSWD: ALL
*to the username you have set up already, example:
bob ALL=NOPASSWD: All
*Reboot from your harddrive and then create the 'root' password:
**'''sudo passwd
*done

*More information:

See : [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_(computing) Root (computing) on wikipedia]

==== Q: What is a root directory? ====

A: See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_directory Root directory on wikipedia]

Knoppix Documentation Wiki - User contributions [en]

Kernel

Using FAQ

Root