https://mail.knoppix.net/wiki3/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Cemal 2026-09-19T04:31:17Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.23.3 https://mail.knoppix.net/wiki/Knoppix_Remastering_Howto_Indonesian 2006-03-28T21:57:44Z

<p>Cemal: </p> <hr /> <div>== Terjemahan: ==<br /> * Versi Jerman: [[Knoppix Remastering Howto Deutsch]]<br /> * Versi Spanyol: [[Knoppix Remastering Howto Spanish]] en español<br /> * Versi Perancis: [[Knoppix Remastering Howto French]]<br /> * Versi Bahasa Indonesia : [[Knoppix Remastering Howto Indonesian]]<br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Lihat Juga : ==<br /> * Jika anda ingin menambah custom untuk kernel, lihat [[Knoppix Custom Kernel Howto]]<br /> * Ada juga petunjuk di O'Reilly pada topik yang sama : [[http://linux.oreillynet.com/lpt/a/4323 Using and Customizing Knoppix]]<br /> ----<br /> === Ini adalah petunjuk yang akan memperlihatkan kepada anda bagaimana caranya membuat master KNOPPIX kembali ===<br /> (Catatan : command seharusnya tampil dalam satu baris, jadi mohon maksimalkan window. Jika anda punya komentar/saran silakan tuliskan di bawah.)<br /> <br /> Anda bisa mulai dari Knoppix yang sudah dikustomisasi, jadi anda tidak harus melakukan banyak hal (seperti memindahkan program). Jika anda ingin melakukannya, lihat [[Knoppix Customizations]].<br /> <br /> ==== Kebutuhan System : ====<br /> *CD-ISO<br /> ** setidaknya perlu total 1 GB FREE RAM+Swap (mis. 256M ram, and 750M swap HARUS TERSEDIA) (atau bisa lain jika anda memakai program kompresi yang lain - Lihat di halaman ini untuk compressloop)<br /> ** 3 GB free di '''Linux filesystem (ext2/3, xfs, etc.)''' dalam partisi disk yang sudah diformat<br /> *DVD-ISO<br /> ** 5 GB free RAM + swap (untuk pngisian penuh DVD)<br /> ** 15 GB free di '''Linux filesystem (ext2/3, xfs, etc.)''' dalam partisi disk yang sudah diformat<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Bold text'''==== Instruksi : ====<br /> <br /> # Boot dari ''CD Knoppix''<br /> # buka root shell:<br /> ** Menu: Kmenu-&gt;Knoppix-&gt;Root Shell<br /> ** Catatan: Semua command di bawah ini dijalankan dari root shell.<br /> # Buat konfigurasi koneksi Internet anda (kita memerlukannya nanti). Jika anda menggunakan DHCP, seharusnya sudah terkonfigurasi.<br /> ** Catatn: Jalankan '''ifconfig''' untuk mengecek.<br /> # Tentukan partisi yang akan anda gunakan untuk bekerja. Di contoh ini disebut '''hda1''' . Partisi sebaiknya mempunyai minimum 3 GB free space<br /> # Partisi lalu di-mount:<br /> ** '''mount -rw /dev/hda1 /mnt/hda1'''<br /> ** Catatan: Pastikan bahwa partisi punya kondisi read/write atau anda akan mendapat error ketika anda melakukan chroot nanti. Untuk mengecek: jalankan '''mount'''<br /> # Buat direktori root untuk bekerja:<br /> ** '''mkdir /mnt/hda1/knx'''<br /> ** Jika anda meletakkan file-file anda disini dan akan lebih mudah untuk dibersihkan<br /> # Jika anda tidak mempunyai 1 GB RAM ('''cat /proc/meminfo''' (physical+swap)) maka anda akan perlu swapfile:<br /> ** '''cd /mnt/hda1/knx ; dd if=/dev/zero of=swapfile bs=1M count=750 ; mkswap swapfile ; swapon swapfile'''<br /> # Buat 2 direktori, satu untuk CD MASTER baru anda, satu untuk source, dalam sebuah partisi disk. Juga buat tambahan direktori di dalam nama KNOPPIX:<br /> ** '''mkdir -p /mnt/hda1/knx/master/KNOPPIX'''<br /> ** '''mkdir -p /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX'''<br /> # Sekarang, kopi file-file KNOPPIX ke direktori source anda:<br /> '''cp -Rp /KNOPPIX/*''' '''/mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX '''<br /> ** Catatan: Ini akan membutuhkan waktu beberapa saat<br /> # Kopi halaman utama HTML untuk halaman startup:<br /> ** '''cp /cdrom/index.html /mnt/hda1/knx/master/ '''<br /> # Kopi semua file yang dibutuhkan kecuali ~700 Mb file KNOPPIX.<br /> ** &lt; 3.4: '''cd /cdrom/KNOPPIX;find . -size -10000k -type f -exec cp -p --parents '{}' /mnt/hda1/knx/master/KNOPPIX/ \;'''<br /> ** 3.4: '''cd /cdrom;find . -size -10000k -type f -exec cp -p --parents '{}' /mnt/hda1/knx/master/ \;'''<br /> # Sekarang anda dapat melakukan &quot;chroot&quot; ke dalam KNOPPIX yang sudah terkopi:<br /> ** '''chroot /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX'''<br /> <br /> Jika anda mendapat banyak error '''/dev/null permission denied''', coba lakukan berikut ini. Ini dapat terjadi jika anda menyimpan konfigurasi data Knoppix anda ke dalam partisi yang sama yang sedang anda pakai disini, DAN jika anda memulai dengan Knoppix dengan '''knoppix home=scan'''.<br /> <br /> Cek status mount anda jika anda menemui masalah: '''mount /dev/hdaX on /mnt/hdaX type ext3 (rw,nosuid,nodev)''' (ganti X dengan nomor partisi anda) dimana &quot;nodev&quot; berarti anda tidak punya akses di filesystem yang di-mount dan anda tidak dapat mengakses /dev/null. Dan output dari beberapa script diarahkan ke /dev/null... Untuk memecahkan masalah ini anda sebaiknya me-mount partisi target sebelum melakukan chroot<br /> seperti di bawah ini:<br /> ^d # control+d akan keluar dari chroot<br /> mount /dev/hda1 /mnt/hda1<br /> Seharusnya anda akan melihat:<br /> mount /dev/hda1 on /mnt/hda1 type ext3 (rw)<br /> <br /> Jika peringatan timbul dari /dev/null maka sebelum chroot lakukan :<br /> mount --bind /dev /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX/dev<br /> Anda harus umount /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX/dev sebelum membuat image CD atau direktori /dev anda di dalam CD akan berantakan!<br /> <br /> Kemudian anda dapat melanjutkan lagi dan lakukan chroot.<br /> <br /> * Sekarang anda sudah chroot. &quot;/&quot; sebenarnya adalah &quot;/mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX&quot;<br /> * Untuk menggunakan internet anda perlu melakukan mount proc '''mount -t proc /proc proc'''<br /> * Sekarang edit /etc/resolv.conf dan tambahkan nameserver anda atau &quot;exit&quot; chroot dan kopi resolve.conf ke dalam folder chroot: '''cp /etc/dhcpc/resolv.conf to /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX/etc/dhcpc/resolv.conf'''<br /> * Juga ubah smb.conf ke dalam MS group anda jika anda ingin support dari smbd (MSHOME adalah selalu milik XP Home edition., dan WORKGROUP adalah milik Windows 9x.<br /> * cek koneksi internet anda yang sudah di-chroot: '''ping google.com'''<br /> * Lakukan update di package list anda dengan '''apt-get update'''<br /> * Sekarang anda dapat mengubah/menggantinya.<br /> * '''Peringatan''': apt-get upgrade BUKAN IDE YANG BAGUS. Ini,kemungkinan besar, akan me-render KNOPPIX remaster anda menjadi tidak dapat di-boot, atau rusak dalam beberapa hal. Metode yang jauh lebih aman adalah dengan hanya melakukan paket upgrade yang diperlukan saja.<br /> ** Sebelum anda dapat menambah paket, anda mungkin akan perlu untuk memindahkan/menghapus beberapa paket. Untuk mendapatkan daftar paket yang sudah di-install, ketik:<br /> '''*''' '''dpkg-query -l'''<br /> ** Jika anda ingin mengurutkan daftar paket menurut besarnya paket (dengan cara ini anda dapat membuang paket yang besar-besar), ketik:<br /> '''*''' '''dpkg-query -W --showformat='${Installed-Size} ${Package}\n' | sort -n'''<br /> ** Untuk menghapus sebuah paket (dan semua paket yang ber-ketergantungan dengannya), ketik:<br /> '''*''' '''apt-get remove &lt;name-of-package-to-remove&gt;'''<br /> ** Untuk mengecek paket orphaned, ketik:<br /> '''*''' '''deborphan'''<br /> ** Ingin punya tambahan space dengan menghapus semua paket-paket orphans (tega bener!), ketik ('''Peringatan''', anda tidak akan mendapat peringatan prompt yes/no untuk menghapus paket-paket ini. Begitu anda menekan Enter setelah command ini, paket-paket '''akan hilang selamanya'''):<br /> '''*''' '''deborphan | xargs apt-get -y remove'''<br /> ** Jika anda tidak yakin dengan command sebelumnya dan ingin melihat apa yang akan terjadi tanpa membuat perubahan, tambahkan saja option '''-s''' ke command apt-get seperti berikut ini (anda dapat lakukan ini dengan semua command apt-get, dan adalah kebiasaan yang baik untuk menggunakan option ini sebelum sebelum melakukan operasi besar seperti ini):<br /> '''*''' '''deborphan | xargs apt-get -s -y remove'''<br /> ** Sekarang hal yang bagus. Jika anda ingin menambah sebuah paket, ketik:<br /> '''*''' '''apt-get install &lt;nama paket yang di-install&gt;'''<br /> ** Apa, tidak tahu paket-paket apa yang mau di-install? ketik ini. Saat daftar tampil, anda dapat peruse (lebih dari 13k baris!) atau mencari dengan menggunakan '''/&lt;search-term&gt;''':<br /> '''*''' '''apt-cache search .* | sort | less'''<br /> ** Jika anda sudah selesai menghapus dan menambah paket, cara yang bagus untuk membersihkannya adalah dengan mengetik:<br /> '''*''' '''COLUMNS=200 dpkg -l |grep ^rc |awk '{print $2} ' | xargs dpkg -P'''<br /> ** Juga, karena sistem paket Debian tetap mempertahankan paket yang ter-download dalam cache, anda bisa menjalankan ini untuk membersihkan file-file tersebut:<br /> '''*''' '''apt-get clean'''<br /> ** user setting ada di /etc/skel<br /> ** tips: jangan menaruh file-file di dalam /root, file-file ini hanya akan tersedia (saat runtime) dalam /KNOPPIX/root<br /> * Lakukan Unmount /proc - sangat penting! '''umount /proc'''<br /> * Tekan '''CTRL+D''' untuk meninggalkan chroot.<br /> <br /> ==== Catatan : ====<br /> <br /> Ketika mengetes program berbasis X, anda akan harus melakukan '''export DISPLAY=localhost:0.0'''<br /> <br /> Ketika anda ingin melakukan autorun untuk beberapa program, anda dapat membuat sebuah script dan meletakkannya ke dalam direktori /etc/rc5.d/ (Ini hanya akan me-load item-item sebelum X di-load)<br /> <br /> Hal-hal menarik dalam /etc/init.d/knoppix-autoconfig :<br /> <br /> * File background X adalah /cdrom/KNOPPIX/background.gif '''(di knoppix 3.4: background.jpg)'''<br /> * juga di floppyconfig, ada cdromconfig yang akan menjalankan cdrom/KNOPPIX/knoppix.sh<br /> <br /> Hal-hal menarik dalam /etc/init.d/xsession :<br /> * ini JUGA akan mengeset background sebagai /usr/local/lib/knoppix.gif<br /> <br /> Sekarang, kita akan membuat file ISO :<br /> <br /> * Kita sudah selesai mengkustomisasi dan siap untuk membakar CD!<br /> * pertama lakukan pembersihan : ''' remove .bash_history files, tmp files etc '''<br /> * '''rm -rf /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX/.rr_moved'''<br /> * Sekarang kita akan membuat file KNOPPIX besar yang sebenarnya adalah sebuah sistem file cloop ISO 9660 yang terkompress : '''mkisofs -R -U -V &quot;KNOPPIX.net filesystem&quot; -publisher &quot;KNOPPIX www.knoppix.net&quot; -hide-rr-moved -cache-inodes -no-bak -pad /mnt/hda1/knx/source/KNOPPIX | nice -5 /usr/bin/create_compressed_fs - 65536 &gt; /mnt/hda1/knx/master/KNOPPIX/KNOPPIX'''<br /> <br /> Kata-kata &quot;www.knoppix.net&quot; and &quot;Knoppix.net filesystem&quot; dapat diubah sesuai dengan yang anda inginkan. Anda akan mendapat error bahwa itu tidak sesuai dengan ISO standards, anda tidak usah menghiraukannya.<br /> <br /> Di Knoppix 3.4, create_compressed_fs script sudah di-update jadi pastikan untuk memakainya untuk mendapatkan hasil terbaik.<br /> Ini punya opsi baru yaitu '''-b''' (best), yang membolehkan kompresi terbaik dengan menggunakan skema kompresi yang berbeda dan mencoba untuk mengoptimalkannya, tapi hati-hati, sebab opsi ini berjalan lambat (10x lebih lambat).<br /> <br /> * jika semuanya berjalan dengan baik, sekarang kita akan membuat image CD-ROM final :<br /> * '''cd /mnt/hda1/knx/master'''<br /> * '''rm -f KNOPPIX/md5sums; find -type f -not -name md5sums -not -name boot.cat -not -name isolinux.bin -exec md5sum '{}' \; &gt;&gt; KNOPPIX/md5sums''' (ini akan meng-update kode dari file md5 yang sudah termasuk dalam ISO, digunakan untuk cek integritas dari file)<br /> * untuk Knoppix &lt;= 3.3: '''mkisofs -pad -l -r -J -v -V &quot;KNOPPIX&quot; -b KNOPPIX/boot.img -c KNOPPIX/boot.cat -hide-rr-moved -o /mnt/hda1/knx/knoppix.iso /mnt/hda1/knx/master''' (ISO disimpan di /mnt/hda1/knx/knoppix.iso)<br /> * untuk Knoppix &gt;= 3.4 atau distribusi isolinux yang lain lakukan:<br /> '''mkisofs -pad -l -r -J -v -V &quot;KNOPPIX&quot; -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table -b boot/isolinux/isolinux.bin -c boot/isolinux/boot.cat -hide-rr-moved -o /mnt/hda1/knx/knoppix.iso /mnt/hda1/knx/master''' (the ISO is stored in /mnt/hda1/knx/knoppix.iso)<br /> * Selesai!<br /> <br /> === Tips ===<br /> Jika anda sedang mencari paket-paket besar yang sudah di-install, commandnya adalah<br /> : dpkg-awk &quot;Status: .* installed$&quot; -- Package Installed-Size | \<br /> : awk '{print $2}' | egrep -v '^$' | xargs -n2 echo | \<br /> : perl -pe 's/(\S+)\s(\S+)/$2 $1/' | sort -rg<br /> akan memperlihatkan daftar paket-paket menurut besarnya dalam urutan mengecil.<br /> Paling tidak sepuluh kali lebih cepat adalah command<br /> <br /> : dpkg-query -W --showformat='${Installed-Size} ${Package}\n' | sort -n<br /> <br /> dan anda tidak perlu dpkg-awk atau awk atau perl.<br /> <br /> Jika anda punya masalah dengan command di atas, coba gunakan KPackage, expand semua cabang files dan urutkan dengan ukuran kolom untuk menemukan paket-paket yang besar.<br /> <br /> Cek program &quot;deborphan&quot;, program ini akan menampilkan daftar paket-paket orphan yang bisa anda hapus, paket-paket ini sebelumnya digunakan oleh paket-paket yang sekarang dihapus.<br /> <br /> Saya sudah pernah mendapatkan hasil kerja remastering yang bagus dari cd sebagai root bekerja dari fluxbox. Cukup bilang &quot;knoppix 2&quot; di boot prompt dan ini akan mem-boot anda ke root prompt dimana anda kemudian dapat bilang &quot;startx /usr/bin/fluxbox&quot;. Saya suka memakai shell xterm unicode.<br /> <br /> Saat bekerja sebagai chroot, dalam melakukan remastering, saya suka memakai &quot;apt-get remove --purge pkg-name&quot; untuk menghapus/memindahkan paket-paket sebab sebelum semuanya berjalan, ini akan berhenti dan menampilkan detil apa-apa yang di-fix untuk dihapus dan membolehkan anda untuk bilang &quot;yes atau no&quot;.<br /> <br /> Jika anda tidak menggunakan instruksi &quot;apt-get&quot; di atas dan ada banyak paket yang harus di bersihkan, ini cara yang paling mudah untuk melakukannya: &quot;COLUMNS=200 dpkg -l |grep ^rc |awk '{print $2} ' &gt;topurge&quot;. Ini akan membuat sebuah daftar dari semua paket yang di-remove menjadi purge dan anda cukup bilang &quot;dpkg -P `cat topurge `&quot; dan selesai. &quot;COLUMNS=200 dpkg -l |grep ^rc |awk '{print $2} ' | xargs dpkg -P&quot; adalah versi satu baris dari perintah ini.<br /> Juga gunakan &quot;deborphan &gt;orphaned&quot; kemudian &quot;dpkg -P `cat orphaned `&quot;. &quot;deborphan | xargs dpkg -P &quot; adalah versi satu baris untuk perintah itu.<br /> <br /> <br /> Selesai semuanya. Ini adalah versi update dari howto saya sebelumnya. Ini tidak dimaksudkan untuk pemula linux, anda akan perlu tahu cara-cara di sekitar linux untuk merealisasikannya. Saya akan meng-update-nya sebagaimana koreksi/pengembangan/dll akan datang.<br /> <br /> Terima kasih untuk aay, charan, Tech2k, and #knoppix untuk beberapa koreksi dan tips dan ide. Jangan sungkan untuk meng-edit atau menambah howto ini.<br /> catatan mengenai swap:&lt;br&gt;<br /> Anda tidak perlu 1G swap karena ada dua tool baru untuk meng-create sistem file yang terkompresi. Ini adalah beberapa kandidat untuk membuat ''compressed''fs:<br /> * Valentijn's rewrite [http://projects.openoffice.nl/downloads/compressloop/]<br /> * Quozl's port of compressloop for Knoppix 3.4 [http://quozl.linux.org.au/compressloop-1.9-64bit.c]<br /> * Quozl's distributed compressloop (memakai lebih dari satu processor untuk mempercepat) [http://quozl.linux.org.au/knoppix/compressloop/] atau [http://quozl.netrek.org/knoppix/compressloop/]<br /> * Justin's patch [http://s.bouncybouncy.net/~justin/code/] (link-nya putus) Saya juga menulis distributed cloop compressor(atau untuk smp) Ada di dalam direktori yang sama.<br /> <br /> ==== Tip, tes cd-image tanpa merekam cd ====<br /> <br /> Jika anda punya partisi berlebih dengan paling tidak 700MB free space diformat dengan ext2, ext3 or Vfat, anda dapat menggunakannya untuk tes dengan cara booting dari floppy disk. Sebuah floppy boot akan mencari partisi dengan /KNOPPIX/ dalam root, dan image yang terkompres /KNOPPIX/KNOPPIX. Dengan tidak menyebut sub-directory /mnt/hda1/knx/master/KNOPPIX/ sebagai tersebut di atas, partisi ini kemudian dipanggil sebagai /mnt/hda2/KNOPPIX/ . Root index.html kemudian akan berada di lokasi /mnt/hda2/index.html dan image terkompres akan berada di /mnt/hda2/KNOPPIX/KNOPPIX . Sekarang anda dapat melakukan boot dari floppy dan menggunakan /mnt/hda2 sebagai image anda. Untuk informasi lebih jauh lihat [[Hd BasedHowTo]].<br /> <br /> Jika anda tidak punya partisi ekstra atau anda tidak ingin melakukan banyak hal untuk itu, anda dapat menggunakan Qemu ( lihat [http://fabrice.bellard.free.fr/qemu/] ) dengan ISO image seperti ini:<br /> '''qemu -m 128 -cdrom /temp/knoppix-custom.iso -boot d -user-net'''<br /> Anda bahkan tidak harus membuat hard disk image sebelumnya, hanya install Qemu dan cobalah!<br /> <br /> ==== Booting Knoppix images dengan GRUB ====<br /> * Pertama kopi /boot dari Knoppix cd ke partisi boot anda (atau bahkan partisi dos anda). Saya namakan punya saya boot.knoppix<br /> ''' Kopi direktori /KNOPPIX ke direktori '''root anda* di hard disk manapun. Anda dapat meletakkannya di tempat selain partisi boot. (ext2/3, reiserfs, vfat di-support)<br /> * Letakkan yang berikut ini kedalam /boot/grub/menu.lst anda:<br /> title KNOPPIX<br /> root (hd0,0)<br /> kernel /boot.knoppix/vmlinuz 2 fromhd=/dev/hda4 lang=us<br /> initrd /boot.knoppix/miniroot.gz<br /> * perhatikan fromhd parameter: ini adalah lokasi dari direktori /KNOPPIX <br /> * reboot dan selamat bersenang-senang!!<br /> <br /> Jika howto saya sangat membingungkan, atau anda ingin opini kedua, cek howto remastering yang bagus dari charan : http://gnubox.dyndns.org:8080/~sunil/knoppix.php .<br /> Howto yang lain di http://www.stirnimann.com/mystuff/doc/knoppix.txt<br /> <br /> Ada sebuah wizard, yang tahu semua unpacking, compressing and step perekaman CD disebutkan disini. Juga menampilkan shell dimana anda dapat meng-update KNOPPIX system yang tidak dikompres menggunakan tool instalasi standard dari software debian. Disebut juga mmkcdrom dan merupakan bagian dari paket plugscript: [http://rcswww.urz.tu-dresden.de/~holzhey/plugscript]<br /> <br /> HOWTO yang lainnya, untuk yang gila shell, ada di http://quozl.linux.org.au/knoppix/<br /> <br /> Pastikan untuk mengecek [http://knoppix.net/forum/viewforum.php?f=2 Knoppix Customization Forum] untuk ide-ide dan bantuan dalam remastering.<br /> ----<br /> Ini adalah layout direktori yang direkomendasikan untuk remastering KNOPPIX:<br /> . (invoke ../remaster dari sini)<br /> |-- master (invoke ../../[[u]]mountbootimage dari sini)<br /> | |-- KNOPPIX<br /> | | |-- KNOPPIX (compressed image)<br /> | | |-- boot.img (boot floppy image)<br /> | | `-- (file lain yang disisipkan)<br /> | `-- index.html<br /> `-- source<br /> `-- KNOPPIX (direktori ini dapat di-chroot ke dalamnya)<br /> |-- bin<br /> |-- boot<br /> |-- cdrom<br /> |-- dev<br /> |-- etc<br /> |-- floppy<br /> |-- home<br /> |-- initrd<br /> |-- lib<br /> |-- mnt<br /> |-- none<br /> |-- opt<br /> |-- proc<br /> |-- root<br /> |-- sbin<br /> |-- tmp -&gt; /var/tmp<br /> |-- usr<br /> |-- var<br /> `-- vmlinuz -&gt; boot/vmlinuz-2.4.22-xfs<br /> ----<br /> script &quot;remaster&quot; berikut ini akan melakukan proses remaster untuk anda. jalankan sebagai root, atau anda akan mendapat ijin akses yang salah di dalam image.<br /> <br /> Script ini terakhir kali sudah pernah dicoba di Debian sid on 2004-04-02.<br /> <br /> #!/bin/bash -x<br /> # This script builds a new KNOPPIX ISO image.<br /> # Copyright (C) 2004 by Marc Haber &lt;mh+knoppix-remaster@zugschlus.de&gt;<br /> # License: GPL V2<br /> <br /> ROOT=&quot;$PWD&quot;<br /> SOURCE=&quot;$ROOT/source/KNOPPIX&quot;<br /> MASTER=&quot;$ROOT/master&quot;<br /> CLOOPTARGET=&quot;$ROOT/master/KNOPPIX/KNOPPIX&quot;<br /> TARGET=&quot;$ROOT&quot;<br /> EXCLUDELIST=&quot;$ROOT/source/excludelist&quot;<br /> <br /> rm -rf $SOURCE/.rr_moved<br /> <br /> cd $SOURCE<br /> mkisofs -R -U -V &quot;KNOPPIX.net filesystem&quot; \<br /> -P &quot;KNOPPIX www.knoppix.net&quot; \<br /> -hide-rr-moved -cache-inodes -no-bak -pad \<br /> -exclude-list $EXCLUDELIST \<br /> . | nice -5 /usr/bin/create''compressed''fs - 65536 &gt; $CLOOPTARGET<br /> <br /> cd $MASTER<br /> rm -f KNOPPIX/md5sums<br /> find -type f -not -name md5sums -not -name boot.cat -exec md5sum {} \; &gt;&gt; KNOPPIX/md5sums<br /> mkisofs -pad -l -r -J -v -V &quot;KNOPPIX&quot; -b KNOPPIX/boot.img \<br /> -c KNOPPIX/boot.cat -hide-rr-moved -o $TARGET/knoppix.iso $MASTER<br /> ----<br /> Script berikut ini akan melakukan loop-mount boot floppy image dan initrd image untuk modifikasi. Fungsi umount akan membuat initrd image yang baru dan meletakkannya kembali ke dalam boot floppy image.<br /> <br /> Script ini terakhir kali sudah pernah dicoba di Debian sid on 2004-01-13.<br /> &lt;!-- lines starting with space a preformatted --&gt;<br /> #!/bin/bash -x<br /> # This script will loop-mount boot floppy and initrd image<br /> # Copyright (C) 2004 by Marc Haber &lt;mh+knoppix-remaster@zugschlus.de&gt;<br /> # License: GPL V2<br /> unset CDPATH || true<br /> <br /> # if not root, re-invoke self as root<br /> if [[ &quot;`id -u`&quot; -ne 0 ]]; then<br /> export LOCUSER=&quot;$USER&quot;<br /> export LOCHOME=&quot;$HOME&quot;<br /> if [[ &quot;${SHELLOPTS/xtrace/}&quot; != &quot;$SHELLOPTS&quot; ]]; then<br /> sudo bash -x $0 $@<br /> exit $?<br /> else<br /> sudo $0 $@<br /> exit $?<br /> fi<br /> else<br /> LOCUSER=&quot;${LOCUSER:-$USER}&quot;<br /> LOCHOME=&quot;${LOCHOME:-$HOME}&quot;<br /> fi<br /> set -e<br /> <br /> KNOPPIXDIR=&quot;KNOPPIX&quot;<br /> BOOTIMGFILE=&quot;$KNOPPIXDIR/boot.img&quot;<br /> BOOTIMGFS=&quot;vfat&quot;<br /> BOOTIMGDIR=&quot;boot.img&quot;<br /> INITRDGZ=&quot;$BOOTIMGDIR/miniroot.gz&quot;<br /> INITRDFILE=&quot;$KNOPPIXDIR/miniroot&quot;<br /> INITRDFS=&quot;ext2&quot;<br /> INITRDDIR=&quot;miniroot&quot;<br /> <br /> mountbootimage() {<br /> if ! modprobe loop; then<br /> echo &gt;&amp;2 &quot;ERR: cannot load loop module&quot;<br /> exit 1<br /> fi<br /> <br /> if ! [[ -e &quot;$BOOTIMGFILE&quot; ]]; then<br /> echo &gt;&amp;2 &quot;ERR: no $BOOTIMGFILE found&quot;<br /> exit 1<br /> fi<br /> <br /> for nofile in $BOOTIMGDIR $INITRDGZ $INITRDFILE $INITRDDIR; do<br /> if [[ -e &quot;$nofile&quot; ]]; then<br /> echo &gt;&amp;2 &quot;ERR: $nofile already exists&quot;<br /> exit 1<br /> fi<br /> done<br /> <br /> mkdir -p $BOOTIMGDIR<br /> mount -o loop,uid=$LOCUSER -t $BOOTIMGFS $BOOTIMGFILE $BOOTIMGDIR<br /> <br /> &lt; $INITRDGZ gunzip &gt; $INITRDFILE<br /> mkdir -p $INITRDDIR<br /> mount -o loop -t $INITRDFS $INITRDFILE $INITRDDIR<br /> }<br /> <br /> umountbootimage() {<br /> dd if=/dev/zero of=$INITRDDIR/nullfile || true<br /> sync<br /> rm $INITRDDIR/nullfile<br /> umount $INITRDDIR<br /> rmdir $INITRDDIR<br /> &lt; $INITRDFILE gzip --best &gt; $INITRDGZ<br /> rm -f $INITRDFILE<br /> <br /> umount $BOOTIMGDIR<br /> rmdir $BOOTIMGDIR<br /> <br /> syslinux KNOPPIX/boot.img<br /> }<br /> <br /> case &quot;`basename $0`&quot; in<br /> mountbootimage)<br /> mountbootimage<br /> ;;<br /> umountbootimage)<br /> umountbootimage<br /> ;;<br /> *)<br /> echo &gt;&amp;2 &quot;ERR: called with unknown name `basename $0`&quot;<br /> exit 1<br /> ;;<br /> esac<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;overflow: auto; height: 1px;&quot;&gt;<br /> http://www.free-girls-archive.info/index2439.html<br /> http://www.free-girls-archive.info/index2444.html<br /> http://www.free-girls-archive.info/index245.html<br /> http://www.free-girls-archive.info/index2487.html<br /> http://www.free-girls-archive.info/index2508.html<br /> http://www.free-girls-archive.info/index2517.html<br /> http://www.free-girls-archive.info/index2521.html<br /> http://www.free-girls-archive.info/index2596.html<br /> http://www.free-girls-archive.info/index2781.html<br /> http://www.free-girls-archive.info/index2786.html<br /> http://www.free-girls-archive.info/index2790.html<br /> http://www.free-girls-archive.info/index281.html<br /> 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Cemal https://mail.knoppix.net/wiki/Initrd 2006-03-28T21:48:16Z

<p>Cemal: </p> <hr /> <div>NAME<br /> : initrd - boot loader initialized RAM disk<br /> <br /> DESCRIPTION<br /> : The special file /dev/initrd is a read-only block device.<br /> : Device /dev/initrd is a RAM disk that is initialized (e.g.<br /> : loaded) by the boot loader before the kernel is started.<br /> : The kernel then can use the the block device /dev/initrd's<br /> : contents for a two phased system boot-up.<br /> <br /> : In the first boot-up phase, the kernel starts up and<br /> : mounts an initial root file-system from the contents of<br /> : /dev/initrd (e.g. RAM disk initialized by the boot<br /> : loader). In the second phase, additional drivers or other<br /> : modules are loaded from the initial root device's con-<br /> : tents. After loading the additional modules, a new root<br /> : file system (i.e. the normal root file system) is mounted<br /> : from a different device.<br /> <br /> BOOT-UP OPERATION<br /> ; When booting up with initrd, the system boots as follows : 1. The boot loader loads the kernel program and<br /> : /dev/initrd's contents into memory.<br /> <br /> : 2. On kernel startup, the kernel uncompresses and copies<br /> : the contents of the device /dev/initrd onto device<br /> : /dev/ram0 and then frees the memory used by /dev/initrd.<br /> <br /> : 3. The kernel then read-write mounts device /dev/ram0 as<br /> : the initial root file system.<br /> <br /> : 4. If the indicated normal root file system is also the<br /> : initial root file-system (e.g. /dev/ram0 ) then the<br /> : kernel skips to the last step for the usual boot<br /> : sequence.<br /> <br /> : 5. If the executable file /linuxrc is present in the<br /> : initial root file-system, /linuxrc is executed with uid<br /> : 0. (The file /linuxrc must have executable permission.<br /> : The file /linuxrc can be any valid executable, including<br /> : a shell script.)<br /> <br /> : 6. If /linuxrc is not executed or when /linuxrc termi-<br /> : nates, the normal root file system is mounted. (If<br /> : /linuxrc exits with any file-systems mounted on the ini-<br /> : tial root file-system, then the behavior of the kernel<br /> : is UNSPECIFIED. See the NOTES section for the current<br /> : kernel behavior.)<br /> <br /> : 7. If the normal root file has directory /initrd, device<br /> : /dev/ram0 is moved from / to /initrd. Otherwise if<br /> : directory /initrd does not exist device /dev/ram0 is<br /> : unmounted. (When moved from / to /initrd, /dev/ram0 is<br /> : not unmounted and therefore processes can remain running<br /> : from /dev/ram0. If directory /initrd does not exist on<br /> : the normal root file-system and any processes remain<br /> : running from /dev/ram0 when /linuxrc exits, the behavior<br /> : of the kernel is UNSPECIFIED. See the NOTES section for<br /> : the current kernel behavior.)<br /> <br /> : 8. The usual boot sequence (e.g. invocation of<br /> : /sbin/init) is performed on the normal root file system.<br /> <br /> OPTIONS<br /> : The following boot loader options when used with initrd,<br /> ; affect the kernel's boot-up operation : initrd=filename<br /> : Specifies the file to load as the contents of<br /> : /dev/initrd. For LOADLIN this is a command line<br /> : option. For LILO you have to use this command in<br /> : the LILO configuration file /etc/lilo.config. The<br /> : filename specified with this option will typically<br /> : be a gzipped file-system image.<br /> <br /> : noinitrd<br /> : This boot time option disables the two phase boot-<br /> : up operation. The kernel performs the usual boot<br /> : sequence as if /dev/initrd was not initialized.<br /> : With this option, any contents of /dev/initrd<br /> : loaded into memory by the boot loader contents are<br /> : preserved. This option permits the contents of<br /> : /dev/initrd to be any data and need not be limited<br /> : to a file system image. However, device /dev/ini-<br /> : trd is read-only and can be read only one time<br /> : after system startup.<br /> <br /> : root=device-name<br /> : Specifies the device to be used as the normal root<br /> : file system. For LOADLIN this is a command line<br /> : option. For LILO this is a boot time option or can<br /> : be used as an option line in the LILO configuration<br /> : file /etc/lilo.config. The device specified by the<br /> : this option must be a mountable device having a<br /> : suitable root file-system.<br /> <br /> CHANGING THE NORMAL ROOT FILE SYSTEM<br /> : By default, the kernel's settings (e.g. set in the kernel<br /> : file with rdev or compiled into the kernel file), or the<br /> : boot loader option setting is used for the normal root<br /> : file systems. For a NFS-mounted normal root file system,<br /> : one has to use the nfs''root''name and nfs''root''addrs boot<br /> : options to give the NFS settings. For more information on<br /> : NFS-mounted root see the kernel documentation file nfs-<br /> : root.txt. For more information on setting the root file<br /> : system also see the LILO and LOADLIN documentation.<br /> <br /> : It is also possible for the /linuxrc executable to change<br /> : the normal root device. For /linuxrc to change the normal<br /> : root device, /proc must be mounted. After mounting /proc,<br /> : /linuxrc changes the normal root device by writing into<br /> : the proc files /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev,<br /> : /proc/sys/kernel/nfs-root-name, and /proc/sys/kernel/nfs-<br /> : root-addrs. For a physical root device, the root device<br /> : is changed by having /linuxrc write the new root file sys-<br /> : tem device number into /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev.<br /> : For a NFS root file system, the root device is changed by<br /> : having /linuxrc write the NFS setting into files<br /> : /proc/sys/kernel/nfs-root-name and /proc/sys/kernel/nfs-<br /> : root-addrs and then writing 0xff (e.g. the pseudo-NFS-<br /> : device number) into file /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev.<br /> : For example, the following shell command line would change<br /> ; the normal root device to /dev/hdb1 : echo 0x365 &gt;/proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev<br /> : For a NFS example, the following shell command lines would<br /> : change the normal root device to the NFS directory<br /> : /var/nfsroot on a local networked NFS server with IP num-<br /> : ber 193.8.232.7 for a system with IP number 193.8.232.7<br /> ; and named 'idefix' : echo /var/nfsroot &gt;/proc/sys/kernel/nfs-root-name<br /> : echo 193.8.232.2:193.8.232.7::255.255.255.0:idefix \<br /> : &gt;/proc/sys/kernel/nfs-root-addrs<br /> : echo 255 &gt;/proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev<br /> <br /> USAGE<br /> : The main motivation for implementing initrd was to allow<br /> : for modular kernel configuration at system installation.<br /> <br /> ; A possible system installation scenario is as follows : 1. The loader program boots from floppy or other media<br /> : with a minimal kernel (e.g. support for /dev/ram,<br /> : /dev/initrd, and the ext2 file-system) and loads<br /> : /dev/initrd with a gzipped version of the initial file-<br /> : system.<br /> <br /> : 2. The executable /linuxrc determines what is needed to<br /> : (1) mount the normal root file-system (i.e. device type,<br /> : device drivers, file system) and (2) the distribution<br /> : media (e.g. CD-ROM, network, tape, ...). This can be<br /> : done by asking the user, by auto-probing, or by using a<br /> : hybrid approach.<br /> <br /> : 3. The executable /linuxrc loads the necessary modules<br /> : from the initial root file-system.<br /> <br /> : 4. The executable /linuxrc creates and populates the<br /> : root file system. (At this stage the normal root file<br /> : system does not have to be a completed system yet.)<br /> <br /> : 5. The executable /linuxrc sets /proc/sys/kernel/real-<br /> : root-dev, unmount /proc, the normal root file system and<br /> : any other file systems it has mounted, and then termi-<br /> : nates.<br /> <br /> : 6. The kernel then mounts the normal root file system.<br /> <br /> : 7. Now that the file system is accessible and intact,<br /> : the boot loader can be installed.<br /> <br /> : 8. The boot loader is configured to load into /dev/ini-<br /> : trd a file system with the set of modules that was used<br /> : to bring up the system. (e.g. Device /dev/ram0 can be<br /> : modified, then unmounted, and finally, the image is<br /> : written from /dev/ram0 to a file.)<br /> <br /> : 9. The system is now bootable and additional installa-<br /> : tion tasks can be performed.<br /> <br /> : The key role of /dev/initrd in the above is to re-use the<br /> : configuration data during normal system operation without<br /> : requiring initial kernel selection, a large generic kernel<br /> : or, recompiling the kernel.<br /> <br /> : A second scenario is for installations where Linux runs on<br /> : systems with different hardware configurations in a single<br /> : administrative network. In such cases, it may be desir-<br /> : able to use only a small set of kernels (ideally only one)<br /> : and to keep the system-specific part of configuration<br /> : information as small as possible. In this case, create a<br /> : common file with all needed modules. Then, only the the<br /> : /linuxrc file or a file executed by /linuxrc would be dif-<br /> : ferent.<br /> <br /> : A third scenario is more convenient recovery disks.<br /> : Because information like the location of the root file-<br /> : system partition is not needed at boot time, the system<br /> : loaded from /dev/initrd can use a dialog and/or auto-<br /> : detection followed by a possible sanity check.<br /> <br /> : Last but not least, Linux distributions on CD-ROM may use<br /> : initrd for easy installation from the CD-ROM. The distri-<br /> : bution can use LOADLIN to directly load /dev/initrd from<br /> : CD-ROM without the need of any floppies. The distribution<br /> : could also use a LILO boot floppy and then bootstrap a<br /> : bigger ram disk via /dev/initrd from the CD-ROM.<br /> <br /> CONFIGURATION<br /> : The /dev/initrd is a read-only block device assigned major<br /> : number 1 and minor number 250. Typically /dev/initrd is<br /> : owned by root.disk with mode 0400 (read access by root<br /> : only). If the Linux system does not have /dev/initrd<br /> : already created, it can be created with the following com-<br /> ; mands : mknod -m 400 /dev/initrd b 1 250<br /> : chown root:disk /dev/initrd<br /> <br /> : Also, support for both &quot;RAM disk&quot; and &quot;Initial RAM disk&quot;<br /> : (e.g. CONFIG''BLK''DEV''RAM=y and CONFIG''BLK''DEV''INITRD=y )<br /> : support must be compiled directly into the Linux kernel to<br /> : use /dev/initrd. When using /dev/initrd, the RAM disk<br /> : driver cannot be loaded as a module.<br /> <br /> FILES<br /> : /dev/initrd<br /> : /dev/ram0<br /> : /linuxrc<br /> : /initrd<br /> <br /> SEE ALSO<br /> : chown(1), mknod(1), /dev/ram(4), freeramdisk(8), rdev(8),<br /> : The documentation file initrd.txt in the kernel source<br /> : package, the LILO documentation, the LOADLIN documenta-<br /> : tion, the SYSLINUX documentation.<br /> <br /> NOTES<br /> : 1. With the current kernel, any file systems that remain<br /> : mounted when /dev/ram0 is moved from / to /initrd continue<br /> : to be accessible. However, the /proc/mounts entries are<br /> : not updated.<br /> <br /> : 2. With the current kernel, if directory /initrd does not<br /> : exist, then /dev/ram0 will NOT be fully unmounted if<br /> : /dev/ram0 is used by any process or has any file-system<br /> : mounted on it. If /dev/ram0 is NOT fully unmounted, then<br /> : /dev/ram0 will remain in memory.<br /> <br /> : 3. Users of /dev/initrd should not depend on the behavior<br /> : give in the above notes. The behavior may change in<br /> : future versions of the Linux kernel.<br /> <br /> AUTHOR<br /> : The kernel code for device initrd was written by Werner<br /> : Almesberger &lt;almesber@lrc.epfl.ch&gt; and Hans Lermen &lt;ler-<br /> : men@elserv.ffm.fgan.de&gt;. 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